List of missions to Venus

This is a list of space missions to the planet Venus. Missions to Venus constitute part of the exploration of Venus.

Launches to Venus

Decade
1960s	18
1970s	11
1980s	7
2000s	1
2010s	5

List

As of 2018, the Soviet Union, United States, European Space Agency and Japan have conducted missions to Venus.

Spacecraft	Launch date[1]	Operator	Mission	Outcome	Remarks	Carrier rocket[2]
Tyazhely Sputnik (1VA No.1)	4 February 1961	OKB-1  Soviet Union	Impactor[3]	Launch failure	Power transformer failure, upper stage failed to ignite, never left LEO[3]	Molniya
Venera 1 (1VA No.2)	12 February 1961	OKB-1  Soviet Union	Impactor[3]	Spacecraft failure	Communications failure. Flyby on 19 May 1961 at less than 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi); no data returned	Molniya
Mariner 1 (P-37)	22 July 1962	NASA  United States	Flyby	Launch failure	Failed to orbit; destroyed by range safety following guidance failure[4]	Atlas-LV3 Agena-B
2MV-1 No.1	25 August 1962	OKB-1  Soviet Union	Lander	Launch failure	Premature upper stage cutoff due to ullage motor malfunction; never left LEO[4]	Molniya
Mariner 2 (P-38)	27 August 1962	NASA  United States	Flyby	Successful	Flyby on 14 December 1962	Atlas-LV3 Agena-B
2MV-1 No.2	1 September 1962	OKB-1  Soviet Union	Lander	Launch failure	Upper stage fuel valve failed to open, resulting in failure to ignite; never left LEO[4]	Molniya
2MV-2 No.1	12 September 1962	OKB-1  Soviet Union	Flyby	Launch failure	Anomalous third stage cutoff resulted in air bubbles forming in fourth stage fuel; fourth stage shut down less than a second after ignition; failed to leave LEO[4]	Molniya
3MV-1 No.2	19 February 1964	OKB-1  Soviet Union	Flyby	Launch failure	Third stage oxidizer leak caused propellant to freeze in feed lines, which subsequently cracked; failed to orbit[5]	Molniya-M
Kosmos 27 (3MV-1 No.3)	27 March 1964	OKB-1  Soviet Union	Flyby/Lander	Launch failure	Upper stage attitude control failure, never left LEO[5]	Molniya-M
Zond 1 (3MV-1 No.4)	2 April 1964	OKB-1  Soviet Union	Flyby/Lander	Spacecraft failure	Electronics shorted out, communications lost before flyby.[5] Flew past Venus on 14 July 1964.	Molniya-M
Venera 2 (3MV-4 No.4)	12 November 1965	OKB-1  Soviet Union	Flyby	Spacecraft failure	Flew past Venus on 27 February 1966, closest approach at 02:52 UTC. Communications lost after flyby, before any data could be returned.[6]	Molniya-M
Venera 3 (3MV-3 No.1)	16 November 1965	OKB-1  Soviet Union	Lander	Spacecraft failure	Communications lost as soon as spacecraft entered atmosphere on 1 March 1966, no data returned.	Molniya-M
Kosmos 96 (3MV-4 No.6)	23 November 1965	OKB-1  Soviet Union	Flyby	Launch failure	Third stage combustion chamber exploded, resulting in loss of control, upper stage failed to ignite; Never left LEO[6]	Molniya-M
Venera 4 (4V-1 No.310)	12 June 1967	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Atmospheric	Successful	Returned atmospheric data during entry on 18 October 1967. Never intended to work on surface[7]	Molniya-M
Mariner 5	14 June 1967	NASA  United States	Flyby	Successful	Flyby on 19 October 1967, closest approach at 17:34:56 UTC[8]	Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D
Kosmos 167 (4V-1 No.311)	17 June 1967	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Lander	Launch failure	Upper stage failed to ignite; turbopump cooling malfunction. Never left LEO[8]	Molniya-M
Venera 5 (4V-1 No.330)	5 January 1969	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Atmospheric	Successful	Entered atmosphere on 16 May 1969, operated for 53 minutes	Molniya-M
Venera 6 (4V-1 No.331)	10 January 1969	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Atmospheric	Successful	Entered atmosphere on 17 May 1969, operated for 51 minutes	Molniya-M
Venera 7 (4V-1 No.630)	17 August 1970	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Lander	Partial failure	Landed at 05:37:10 UTC on 15 December 1970, rolled upon landing and returned severely limited data. First soft landing on another planet.	Molniya-M
Kosmos 359 (4V-1 No.631)	22 August 1970	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Lander	Launch failure	Never left LEO	Molniya-M
Venera 8 (4V-1 No.670)	27 March 1972	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Lander	Successful	Landed at 09:32 UTC on 22 July 1972. First fully successful landing on another planet.	Molniya-M
Kosmos 482 (4V-1 No.671)	31 March 1972	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Lander	Launch failure	Never left LEO	Molniya-M
Mariner 10	3 November 1973	NASA  United States	Flyby	Successful	Flyby on 4 February 1974; closest approach at 17:01 UTC; observed Venus and performed gravity assist to reach Mercury	Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A
Venera 9 (4V-1 No.660)	8 June 1975	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Orbiter/Lander	Successful	Entered orbit on 20 October 1975; lander landed at 05:13 UTC on 22 October. First images from the surface of another planet.	Proton-K/D
Venera 10 (4V-1 No.661)	14 June 1975	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Orbiter/Lander	Successful	Entered orbit on 23 October 1975; lander landed at 05:17 UTC on 25 October	Proton-K/D
Venera 11 (4V-1 No.360)	9 September 1978	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Flyby/Lander	Mostly successful	Flyby on 25 December; Lander landed at 03:24 UTC the same day. Multiple instrument failures on lander	Proton-K/D-1
Venera 12 (4V-1 No.361)	14 September 1978	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Flyby/Lander	Mostly successful	Lander landed at 03:20 UTC on 21 December 1978. Both cameras on lander failed	Proton-K/D-1
Pioneer Venus 1 (PV Orbiter)	20 May 1978	NASA  United States	Orbiter	Successful	Entered orbit on 4 December 1978, decayed on 22 October 1992	Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR
Pioneer Venus 2 (PV Multiprobe)	8 August 1978	NASA  United States	Atmospheric	Successful	Entered the atmosphere on 9 December 1978; consisted of five spacecraft, one of which briefly continued transmitting after reaching the surface[9]	Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR
Venera 13 (4V-1M No.760)	30 October 1981	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Flyby/Lander	Successful	Lander landed at 03:20 UTC on 1 March 1982.	Proton-K/D-1
Venera 14 (4V-1M No.761)	4 November 1981	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Flyby/Lander	Successful	Lander landed on 5 March 1982.	Proton-K/D-1
Venera 15 (4V-2 No.860)	2 June 1983	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Orbiter	Successful	Entered orbit 10 October 1983, operated until July 1984	Proton-K/D-1
Venera 16 (4V-2 No.861)	7 June 1983	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Orbiter	Successful	Entered orbit 11 October 1983, operated until July 1984	Proton-K/D-1
Vega 1 (5VK No.901)	15 December 1984	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Flyby/Atmospheric/Lander	Mostly successful	Landed 11 June 1985. Atmospheric probe deployed during entry operated for two days. Main bus continued to explore comet 1P/Halley	Proton-K/D-1
Vega 2 (5VK No.902)	21 December 1984	Lavochkin  Soviet Union	Flyby/Atmospheric/Lander	Successful	Landed 15 June 1985. Atmospheric probe deployed during entry operated for two days. Main bus continued to explore comet 1P/Halley	Proton-K/D-1
Magellan	4 May 1989	NASA  United States	Orbiter	Successful	Entered orbit 10 October 1990, deorbited 13 October 1994	Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-30 / IUS
Galileo	18 October 1989	NASA  United States	Gravity assist at Venus	Successful	Flyby on 10 February 1990 en route to Jupiter; observed Venus during closest pass.	Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-34 / IUS
Cassini	15 October 1997	NASA  United States	Gravity assist	Successful	Flybys on 26 April 1998 and 24 June 1999 en route to Saturn; observed Venus during closest pass.	Titan IV(401)B
MESSENGER	3 August 2004	NASA  United States	Gravity assist	Successful	Flybys on 24 October 2006 and 5 June 2007 en route to Mercury; observed Venus during closest pass.	Delta II 7925H
Venus Express	9 November 2005	ESA  European Union	Orbiter	Successful	Entered orbit 11 April 2006. Full communications lost on 28 November 2014 [10]	Soyuz-FG/Fregat
Akatsuki	20 May 2010	JAXA  Japan	Orbiter	Operational	Flew past Venus on 6 December 2010 after failing to enter orbit. Insertion was successfully reattempted on 7 December 2015.	H-IIA 202
IKAROS	20 May 2010	JAXA  Japan	Flyby	Successful	Experimental solar sail released from the Akatsuki spacecraft. Flew past Venus on 8 December 2010 but did not make observations.	H-IIA 202
Shin'en	20 May 2010	UNISEC  Japan	Flyby	Spacecraft failure	Communications never established after launch. Flew past Venus in December 2010	H-IIA 202
BepiColombo	20 October 2018	ESA  European Union	Gravity assist	Successful	Flybys on 15 October 2020 and 11 August 2021 en route to Mercury; observed Venus during closest pass.	Ariane 5 ECA

Proposed missions

Name	Operator	Proposed launch year	Type	Status	Reference
CUVE	NASA		orbiter	proposed	[11][12]
DAVINCI	NASA	2021	atmospheric probe	proposed	[13]
EVE	ESA		orbiter	proposed	[14]
EnVision	ESA	2032	orbiter	proposed	[15]
HAVOC	NASA		crewed aircraft	conceptual	[16]
Shukrayaan-1	ISRO	2023	orbiter and atmospheric balloon	under development	[17][18]
VAMP	NASA	2026	atmospheric balloon	proposed as a secondary payload on Venera D lander	[19][20]
Venera-D	Roscosmos	2026	orbiter and lander	under development	[19]
VERITAS	NASA	2021	orbiter	proposed	[21]
VICI	NASA	late 2020s	lander	proposed	[22]
VISAGE	NASA	late 2020s	lander	proposed	[23][24]
VISE	NASA	late 2020s	lander and balloon	proposed	[25]
VOX	NASA		orbiter	proposed	[26]
Zephyr	NASA	2039	rover	Feasibility study	[27]

References

1. McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
2. Krebs, Gunter. "Interplanetary Probes". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
3. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1961" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 29–32.
4. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1962" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 34–37.
5. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1964" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 41–45.
6. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1965" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 47–52.
7. "Venera-4: Plumbing the Atmosphere of Venus".
8. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1967" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 61–68.
9. "NASA's Unintentional Venus Lander". 13 June 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
10. ESA Science & Technology: Venus Express goes gently into the night
11. Planetary Missions and Concepts - Goddard Space Flight Center. NASA. September 21, 2018.
12. NASA studies CubeSat mission to solve Venusian mystery. Lori Keesey. Published by PhysOrg. August 15, 2017.
13. "The DAVINCI spacecraft". phys.org. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
14. Chassefière, E.; Korablev, O.; Imamura, T.; Baines, K. H.; Wilson, C. F.; Titov, D. V.; Aplin, K. L.; Balint, T.; Blamont, J. E. (1 March 2009). "European Venus Explorer (EVE): an in-situ mission to Venus". Experimental Astronomy. 23 (3): 741–760. Bibcode:2009ExA....23..741C. doi:10.1007/s10686-008-9093-x. ISSN 0922-6435.
15. EnVision: Understanding why our most Earth-like neighbor is so different. M5 proposal. Richard Ghail. arXiv.org
16. Arney, Dale; Jones, Chris (2015). HAVOC: High Altitude Venus Operational Concept - An Exploration Strategy for Venus. SPACE 2015: AIAA Space and Astronautics Forum and Exposition. 31 August-2 September 2015. Pasadena, California. NF1676L-20719.
17. "Indian Mars and Venus missions: Science and exploration" (PDF). cospar-assembly.org. 22 July 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
18. {{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/national/5-missions-in-5-yrs-to-study-solar-system-black-holes-748212.html
19. Wall, Mike (17 January 2017). "Russia, US Mulling Joint Mission to Venus". Space. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
20. NASA Studying Shared Venus Science Objectives with Russian Space Research Institute. NASA. 10 March 2017
21. Freeman, A.; Smrekar, S. (9 June 2015). VERITAS – a Discovery-class Venus surface geology and geophysics mission (PDF). 11th Low Cost Planetary Missions Conference. Berlin, Germany.
22. VICI: Venus In situ Composition Investigations. (PDF) L. Glaze, J. Garvin, N. Johnson, G. Arney, D. Atkinson, S. Atreya, A. Beck, B. Bezard, J. Blacksberg, B. Campbell, S. Clegg, D. Crisp, D. Dyar, F. Forget, M. Gilmore, D. Grinspoon, Juliane Gross, S. Guzewich, N. Izenberg, J. Johnson, W. Kiefer, D. Lawrence, S. Lebonnois, R. Lorenz, P. Mahaffy, S. Maurice, M. McCanta, A. Parsons, A. Pavlov, S. Sharma, M. Trainer, C. Webster, R. Wiens, K. Zahnle, M. Zolotov. EPSC Abstracts, Vol. 11, EPSC2017-346, 2017. European Planetary Science Congress 2017.
23. Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer (VISAGE): A Proposed New Frontiers Mission. (PDF) Esposito, L. W. Lunar and Planetary Science XLVIII (2017)
24. The New Frontiers Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer (VISAGE) Mission Proposal. (PDF) L.W. Esposito, D.H. Atkinson, K.H. Baines, A. Allwood, F. Altieri, S. Atreya, M. Bullock, A. Colaprete, M. Darrach, J. Day, M. Dyar, B. Ehlmann, K. Farley, J. Filiberto, D. Grinspoon, J. Head, J. Helbert, S. Madzunkov, G. Piccioni, W. Possel, M. Ravine, A. Treiman, Y. Yung, K. Zahnle. EPSC Abstracts. Vol. 11, EPSC2017-275-1, 2017. European Planetary Science Congress 2017.
25. LARRY W ESPOSITO. Mission Concept: Venus in situ Explorer (VISE).
26. Smrekar, Suzanne; Dyar, M. D.; et al. (eds.). Venus Origins Explorer (VOX), a Proposed New Frontier Mission (PDF). The Venus Exploration Analysis Group.
27. Zephyr: A Landsailing Rover For Venus. (PDF) Geoffrey A. Landis, Steven R. Oleson, David Grantier, and the COMPASS team. NASA John Glenn Research Center. 65th International Astronautical Congress, Toronto, Canada. February 24, 2015. Report: IAC-14,A3,P,31x26111

External links

• Bonnier Corporation (2003). "Is There Life on Venus?". Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. p. 49.