List of home computers

The home computers between 1977 and about 1992 were different from today's uniform and predictable machines. During this time it made economic sense for manufacturers to make microcomputers aimed at the home user. By simplifying the machines, and making use of household items such as television sets and cassette recorders instead of dedicated computer peripherals, the home computer allowed the consumer to own a computer at a fraction of the price of computers oriented to small business. Today, the price of microcomputers has dropped to the point where there's no advantage to building a separate, incompatible series just for home users.

The cassette tape was a common low-cost and low-performance mass storage device for a generation of home computers

While many office-type personal computers were used in homes, in this list a "home computer" is a factory-assembled mass-marketed consumer product, usually at significantly lower cost than contemporary business computers. It would have an alphabetic keyboard and a multi-line alphanumeric display, the ability to run both games software as well as application software and user-written programs, and some removable mass storage device (such as cassette tape or floppy disk).

This list excludes smartphones, personal digital assistants, pocket computers, laptop computers, programmable calculators and pure video game consoles. Single-board development or evaluation boards, intended to demonstrate a microprocessor, are excluded since these were not marketed to general consumers.

Pioneering kit and assembled hobby microcomputers which generally required electronics skills to build or operate are listed separately, as are computers intended primarily for use in schools. A hobby-type computer often would have required significant expansion of memory and peripherals to make it useful for the usual role of a factory-made home computer. School computers usually had facilities to share expensive peripherals such as disk drives and printers, and often had provision for central administration.

Attributes

Attributes are as typically advertised by the original manufacturer. Popular machines inspired third-party sources for adapters, add-on processors, mass storage, and other peripherals.

"Processor" indicates the microprocessor chip that ran the system. A few home computers had multiple processors, generally used for input/output devices. Processor speeds were not a competitive point among home computer manufacturers, and typically the processor ran either at its maximum rated speed ( between 1 and 4 MHz for most processor types here), or at some fraction of the television color subcarrier signal, for economy of design. Since a crystal oscillator was necessary for stable color, it was often also used as the microprocessor clock source. Many processors were second-sourced, with different manufacturers making the same device under different part numbers. Variations of a basic part number might have been used to indicate minor variations in speed or transistor type, or might indicate fairly significant alterations to the prototype's capabilities. In the Soviet Bloc countries, manufacturers made functional duplicates of Western microprocessors under different part number series.

TV indicates the factory configuration produces composite video compatible with a home TV receiver. Some computers came with a built-in RF modulator to allow connection to the TV receiver antenna terminals; others output composite video for use with a free-standing monitor or external RF modulator. Still others had built-in or proprietary monitors. Often a composite video monitor (monochrome or color) would be substituted for the family TV. Some standard types of video controller ICs were popular, but see the very detailed List of home computers by video hardware for a discussion of video capabilities of different models. Memory and TV bandwidth restrictions meant that typical home computers had only a few color choices and perhaps 20 lines of 40 characters of text as an upper limit to their video capabilities. Where the same model was sold in countries using PAL or NTSC television standards, sometimes there would be minor variations in the speed of the processor, because NTSC and PAL use different frequencies for the color information and the crystal for the video system was often also used for the processor clock.

Base mass storage was whatever came in the basic configuration. Some machines had built-in cassette drives or optional external drives, others relied on the consumer to provide a cassette recorder. Cassette recorders had the primary virtue of being widely available as a consumer product at the time. Typically a home computer would generate audio tones to encode data, that could be stored on audio tape through a direct connection to the recorder. Re-loading the data required re-winding the tape. The home computer would contain some circuit such as a phase-locked loop to convert audio tones back into digital data. Since consumer cassette recorders were not made for remote control, the user would have to manually operate the recorder in response to prompts from the computer. Random access to data on a cassette was impossible, since the entire tape would have to be searched to retrieve any particular item. A few manufacturers integrated a cassette tape drive or cassette-like tape mechanism into the console, but these variants were made obsolete by the reduction in cost of floppy diskette drives.

Floppy disk drives were initially very costly compared to the system purchase price. Plug-in ROM cartridges containing game or application software were popular in earlier home computers since they were easier to use, faster, and more reliable than cassette tapes. Once diskette drives became available at low cost, cartridges declined in popularity since they were more expensive to manufacture than reproducing a diskette, and had comparatively small capacity compared to diskettes. A few cartridges contained battery-backed memory that allowed users to save data (for example, game high scores) between uses of the cartridge.

Typically there were several models or variants within a product line, especially to account for different international video standards and power supplies; see the linked articles for variants and consequences of variations. "Compatibility" indicates some measure of compatibility with a parent type, however, sometimes incompatibility existed even within a product family. A "clone" system has identical hardware and is functionally interchangeable with its prototype; a few clone systems relied on illicit copies of system ROMs to make them functional.

Manufacturers and models
Home computer models and manufacturers
Origin Manufacturer Model Processor Year Video Type Mass storage Video Chip
(see list)		 Compatibility Remarks Ref
UK Acorn Computers LtdAcorn Atom65021980TVCassette6847[1]
UK Acorn Computers LtdBBC Micro65021981TV, RGB, composite videoCassette, diskette option6845, SAA5050 TeletextOptional processor boards; Several models, see article
UK Acorn Computers LtdElectron65021983TV, RGB, composite videoCassette, cartridge option, diskette optionCustom ULA "Aberdeen"BBC Micro
UK Acorn Computers LtdBBC Master65SC121986TV, RGB, composite videoDiskette, cassette, cartridge6845, SAA5050 TeletextBBC MicroSeveral models, also sold as Olivetti Prodest PC128S
UK Acorn Computers LtdAcorn ArchimedesARM RISC1987RGB MonitorDiskette, hard driveseveral models
UK Acorn Computers LtdA7000ARM RISC1995RGB MonitorDiskette, hard drive
UK AmstradCPC 464, 664, 6128Z801984dedicated mono or RGB monitorcassette, diskette6845 and custom LSI "Gate Array"Several models
UK Amstrad464 Plus, 6128 PlusZ801990dedicated mono or RGB monitorcassette, diskette, cartridgeCustom ASICSeveral models
UK AmstradPCWZ801985dedicated integrated monochromedisketteSeveral successive models
UK AmstradPC-151280861986dedicated mono or RGB MonitorDiskette, hard driveIBM PCPC compatible aimed at the home market
China Tsinghua University and other department CEC-I Zhonghua teaching machine 6502 1986 TV cassette,5.25" floppy Apple 64K Byte RAM,32K ROM(BASIC,LOGO)
USA APF Electronics, Inc.Imagination Machine68001979TVCassette, optional floppy, cartridgeExpansion pack for a video game console that provided programmability
USA Apple ComputerApple II series65021977Monitor, TVCassette, optional floppySeveral models, several descendants, and many third-party clones
USA Apple ComputerApple IIe65021983Monitor, TVCassette, optional floppyApple[2]
USA Apple ComputerApple IIc65C021984Monitor, TVfloppy disk driveApplePortable, but not integrated like a modern laptop[2]
USA Apple ComputerApple IIc Plus65C021988Monitor, TVfloppy disk driveApplePortable, but not integrated like a modern laptop
USA Apple ComputerApple II Plus65021979Monitor, TVfloppy disk driveApple
USA Apple ComputerApple IIgs65C8161986Monitor, TVfloppy disk, optional hard driveApple
UK Apricot Computers/Applied Computer TechnologyApricot F180881984Monitorfloppy diskMS-DOSRan MS-DOS but not IBM compatible; several descendant models[2]
Netherlands Aster ComputersCT-80Z801982Monitorfloppy diskTRS-80Newdos-80 CP/M Videotex terminal, Various models
USA AtariAtari 400, 600, 800, XL, and XE6502, -- late 400/800s and XL/XEs use a 6502C variant called "Sally"1979–1987TVCassette, optional floppy disk, cartridgeANTIC+CTIA/GTIA custom LSIAlso used as cartridge video game consoles[2]
USA AtariAtari ST680001985Monitor, TVFloppy disk, optional hard diskCustom LSISeveral related models[3]
USA AtariAtari TT680301990MonitorFloppy disk, hard diskCustom LSISeveral related models
USA AtariAtari Falcon03068030 + 560011992Monitor, TVFloppy disk, hard diskCustom LSIAtari ST Compatibility modesSome models has been modified and sold under license with C-Lab brand
USA Bally Consumer ProductsBally Brain video game/home computerZ801979TVCassette, cartridgeA video game console with programmability[4]
USA Bally Consumer ProductsBally AstrocadeZ801977TVCassette, cartridgeA video game console with programmability, several models and revisions
Romania Brasov ComputerCoBraZ801986MonitorCassette, disketteZX SpectrumCP/M[5]
UK Camputers LynxZ801983MonitorCassette6845Several related models
Various Various manufacturersVarious modelsZ801983TVCassette, optional floppy, cartridgeTMS 9918MSX standard
USA ColecoColeco AdamZ801983Monitor, TVCassette (custom built-in), optional floppiesTMS9928AColecovision console, Applesoft BASIC, Optional CP/M[2]
USA CommodorePET65021977Built-in monochrome monitorCassetteSeveral 6502 descendants, more or less compatible
USA CommodoreVIC-2065021980TVOptional cassette, optional floppy, cartridgeVIC custom LSIPET-style BASIC, extended[1]
USA CommodoreCommodore 6465101982TVOptional cassette, optional floppy, cartridgeVIC II custom LSIOptional dual processor in cartridge could run CP/M plus version 3.0[2]
USA CommodoreCommodore Executive 6465101982Built-in color monitorBuilt-in floppy, optional cassette, cartridgeVIC II custom LSIPortable with keyboard that attached to cover monitor and disk drive[2]
USA CommodoreMAX Machine65101982TVOptional cassette, cartridgeVIC II custom LSI
USA CommodoreCommodore 16 and 1168501 (6502)1984TVOptional cassette, optional floppy, cartridgeTED custom LSI[2]
USA CommodorePlus/48501 (6502)1984TVOptional cassette, optional floppy, cartridgeTED custom LSI[2]
USA CommodoreCommodore 1288502 (6502)/ Z801985TVOptional cassette, optional 5.25" floppy, Optional 3.5" floppy, cartridgeVIC II and MOS 8563 custom LSIC64 compatibility modeDual processor could run CP/M plus version 3.0
USA CommodoreAmiga68000 (family)1985Monitor, composite videoDiskette, optional hard driveCustom LSISeveral models with 680X0 family processors[6]
Hong Kong Comx World OperationsComx-35RCA 18021983TVCassette, optional floppy diskCDP 1879
Belgium Data Applications InternationalDAI Personal Computer80801980TVCassette, optional floppy diskProgrammable Graphics Generator custom LSI
Hong Kong Vtech VTech Laser 200 Z801985TVCassette, optional floppy disk6847Also sold by Dick Smith (retailer)s VZ200 and by others under other names
Hong Kong EACA Video Genie family Z801980–1982TVCassette, optional floppy diskTRS 80 Model 1 (mostly)Rebadged and sold by others, see article
Hong Kong EACA Colour Genie Z801983TVCassette, optional floppy disk, cartridge6845TRS 80 Model 1 (mostly)Rebadged and sold by others, see article
Hong Kong Rabbit Rabbit RX83 Z801983TVCassette6847Rebadged and sold by others, see article
Czechoslovakia Didaktik Alpha, Beta Z801986TVCassette, optional floppy disk
Czechoslovakia Didaktik GamaZ801987TVCassette, optional floppy diskZX SpectrumAlso M and portable variants, see article
UK Dragon Data Dragon 32/6468091982TV, composite videoCassette, optional floppy disk6847Radio Shack Color Computer
USSR Dubna Dubna 48K Z80 (compatible)1991TVCassette, optional floppy diskCustom LSIZX Spectrum
USSR Elektronika BK-0010 PDP 11 (compatible)1985TVCassette, optional/homemade floppy diskCustom LSI
USSR AGAT AGAT-9 Native/Apple II compatible1984TV/MonitorFloppy diskCustom LSIAgat computerAgat computer[7]
Serbia Elektronska Industrija Niš Pecom 32 Pecom 64 RCA 18021985TVCassetteCDP 1869COMX-35
USA Exidy Exidy Sorcerer Z801978MonitorCassette, optional 3rd party expansion to diskettes
UK Locurnals/Intelligent Software Enterprise 64 and 128 Z801985TV, monitorCassette,Custom ASIC "Nick"
Hong Kong Lambda Electronics Lambda 8300 Z801985TVCassette,ZX81 compatible also sold as PC8300, Power 3000 and BASIC 2000
USA Various manufacturers List of Apple II clones 65021979TV, monitorCassette, optional disketteApple IIMany anonymous or obscure companies made copies of the Apple II, some illegally duplicating the Apple ROM contents
USA Franklin Computer Corporation Franklin ACE series 65021982TV, monitorDiskette, cassetteApple II
Japan Fujitsu FM Towns series 80386SX1989MonitorCD ROM, optional hard driveSemi Windows compatibleAlmost a video game console
Japan Fujitsu FM-7 series 68091982TVDisketteRadio Shack Color ComputerSeveral models
UK Grundy Business Systems Grundy NewBrain Z801982TV, monitor, built-in 1 line displayCassette, Floppy disketteRadio Shack Color Computer BASICSeveral models
Brazil Gradiente Gradiente Expert Z801985TV, RGB monitorCassette, cartridge, diskette expansion availableMSX compatibleSeveral models
USA Honeywell Honeywell 316#Kitchen Computer DDP 16 Minicomputer1969Binary lightsNone offered (contemporary systems would have used paper tape)No videoHonorary home computer, marketed but never sold.[8]
USA IBM PCjr 80881984Monitor, composite videoCassette, floppy diskette, cartridgeVGAIBM PC[2]
USA IBM IBM PS/1 80881990Monitor,Floppy diskette, hard driveIBM PC
USA Interact Interact Home Computer 80801979TVCassette
USA Intelligent Systems Corporation Compucolor II 80801977TVDiskette ( I: 8-track)
USSR Intercompex Hobbit Z80 compatible1990TV, monitorCassette, floppy driveZX SpectrumSeveral models for export and home markets
USSR Iskra Iskra-1030 8086 compatible1989floppy drive[9]
Croatia Ivasim Ivel Ultra 6502 compatible1984floppy driveApple II[10]
Croatia Ivasim Ivel Z3 6502 compatibleEarly 1980sBuilt-in monitorfloppy driveApple IIe
UK Jupiter Cantab Jupiter ACE Z801982TVCassette, 3rd party diskettecustom ASICFORTH instead of BASIC
Sweden Luxor ABC 80 Z801978TVCassette, 3rd party diskettealso made in Budapest, ABC 800 office versions had disk drives
USA Mattel Aquarius Z801983TVCassette, cartridge
France Matra Matra Alice 68031983TVCassetteRadio Shack TRS 80 MC 10
UK Memotech Memotech MTX500, MTX512, RS128 Z801983TV, monitorCassette, diskette, hard drive, cartridge[2]
UK Memotech Memotech MTX500, MTX512, RS128 Z801983TV, monitorCassette, diskette, hard drive, cartridge
Australia Microbee Systems MicroBee series Z801983TV, monitorCassette, later models floppy diskette,6545Several models
Brazil Comércio de Componentes Eletrônicos CCE MC-1000 Z801985TV, monitorCassette, cartridge6847Probably based on Belgian GEM 1000 followed up by MC-4000
Brazil Microdigital Eletronica TK82C series Z801985TV, monitorCassette, cartridgeZX80, ZX81TK90X Several models
UK Miles Gordon Technology SAM Coupé Z801989Monitor, composite videoFloppy diskette,Custom ASICZX Spectrum
Taiwan Multitech Microprofessor III 65021983TV, MonitorFloppy diskette, cassetteApple IIe
Japan NEC NEC PC-100 80861983MonitorFloppy diskette,MS-DOSVarious models, many too costly for home market
Japan NEC Home Electronics PC-6000 series Z801981TV, MonitorCassette, cartridgeSeveral models[11]
Japan NEC PC-8800 series Z801981RGB MonitorCassette, later models with floppy diskettes,CP/MSeveral models, also called PC-88
USA Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer CoCo, Coco 2, Coco 3 68091980MonitorCassette, floppy diskette, cartridgeSeveral models[2]
USA Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 1 Z801977Monitor (built in)Cassette, optional floppy disketteSee List of TRS-80 clones. Later models aimed more at hobby/small business, but this one was priced like a home computer.
USA Radio Shack TRS-80 MC-10 68031983TVCassette,6847See also Matra Alice
USA Radio Shack Tandy 1000 series 8088 (depends on model)1987TV, MonitorCassette, floppy disketteIBM PC JrSeveral models in series
Germany Schneider Computer Division Euro PC 8088 1988 Monitor Floppy diskette Hercules, CGA IBM PC XT Several descendant models including 80286 and 80386SX processor and EGA, VGA adapters [12]
UK Oric Int'l/Tangerine Oric 1 65021983TV, MonitorCassette, optional floppy drivesemi-custom ASIC (ULA)[13]
UK Oric Int'l/Tangerine Oric Atmos 65021984TV, MonitorCassette, optional floppy drivesemi-custom ASIC (ULA)[13]
UK Oric Int'l/Tangerine Oric Telestrat 65021986TV, MonitorCassette, optional floppy drive, ROM based Cartridgesemi-custom ASIC (ULA)[13]
Croatia PEL Varaždin Galeb 65021981TV, MonitorCassette
Croatia PEL Varaždin Orao 65021984TV, MonitorCassette
Netherlands Philips P2000 Z801980TV, MonitorCassette, optional floppy diskette, cartridgeTeletext chipSeveral models, disk models fairly costly by home computer standards
Netherlands Philips G7480 Z801983TVCassette, cartridgeHome computer expansion module for G7400 game console
Netherlands Philips Philips :YES 801861985MonitorFloppy disketteIBM PC semi-compatible
Bulgaria Pravetz Pravetz series 8, including -83, -83, -84, -8M/E/A/S. CM630 (6502 clone)1985TV, MonitorCassette, floppy disketteApple IISeveral models, company later made IBM PC compatibles.[14]
Bulgaria Pravetz Pravetz 8D 65021982TV, MonitorCassette, floppy disketteOric 1/Atmos[15]
Bulgaria Pravetz IMKO-1 65021980TV, MonitorCassette, floppy disketteApple IIHigh cost compared to later Western home computers[14]
New Zealand Progeni Systems / Polycorp Poly-1 68091981Built-in colour monitorFloppy disketteSAA5050 Teletext[16][17][18]
Brazil Prológica Prológica CP-400 68091984TV, MonitorCassette, floppy disketteRadio Shack Color Computer
East Germany VEB Robotron KC 85 Z80 compatible1984TVCassetteTheoretically available to consumers, but a difficult purchase in 1984 East Germany.
East Germany VEB Robotron KC 87 Z80 compatible1987TVCassette, cartridgeTheoretically available to consumers
East Germany VEB Robotron Z1013 Z80 compatible1985TVCassette
Japan Sega SC-3000 Z80 compatible1983TVCassette, cartridge, optional floppy
Japan Sharp MZ series Z80 compatible1979TVCassette, cartridge, optional floppyMany models in the series, escalating to small business systems
Japan Sharp Sharp X1 Z80 compatible1982TV, dedicated monitorCassette, cartridge, optional floppySeveral models
Japan Sharp Sharp X68000 680001987MonitorFloppy diskette, optional hard diskSeveral models
UK Sinclair Research ZX80 Z801980TVCassetteCustom ASICInitially also available as a kit, and see MicroAce for an unlicensed knock-off
UK Sinclair Research ZX81 Z801981TVCassetteCustom ASICSee also List of ZX80/81 clones and Timex Sinclair[1]
UK Sinclair Research ZX Spectrum Z801982TVCassette, later models floppy disketteCustom ASICSee List of ZX Spectrum clones
UK Sinclair Research: Sinclair QL 680081984TV, monitor"Microdrive" tapeZX8301 Custom ASICSpin-off to several related products, see List of Sinclair QL clones[2]
Japan Sord Computer CorporationSord M200 Smart Home ComputerZ801977TVFloppy disk[19]
Japan Sord Computer Corporation CGL Home ComputersSord M5 CGL M5Z801982TVCassette, optional floppy disk
New Zealand Technosys Aamber Pegasus 68091984TV, monitorCassetteEducational network version made
USA Texas Instruments TI-99/4, TI-99/4A TMS 99001979TV, monitorCassette, optional floppy disk driveTMS9918Several models, more common 4A in 1981; some compatibles made by others
Czechoslovakia Tesla PMD 85 80801985TV, monitorCassette
Czechoslovakia Štátny majetok Závadka š.p., Závadka nad Hronom MAŤO 80801989TV, monitorCassettePMD 85Also made as a kit[20]
France Thomson TO7 68091982TV, monitorCassette, cartridge
France Thomson MO5 aka Olivetti Prodest PC128 68091984TV, monitorCassette, cartridgeSuccessor model MO6 in 1986, and others
USA/
UK/
Portugal		 Timex Sinclair Timex Sinclair 1000 and 1500 Z801982TV, monitorCassette, optional cartridge[2]
USA/
UK/
Portugal		 Timex Sinclair Timex Sinclair 2048 Z801984TVCassette, cartridgeCustom ULAZX Spectrum
Portugal Timex Sinclair Timex Computer 2048 Z801984TVCassette, cartridgeCustom ULAZX Spectrum
USA/
UK/
Portugal		 Timex Sinclair Timex Computer 2068 Z801983TVCassette, cartridgeCustom ULAZX SpectrumSeveral related models
Portugal/
Poland		 Timex Sinclair Komputer 2086 Z801986TVCassette, cartridge, optional floppy disketteCustom ULASinclair 2068
Japan Tomy Tomy Tutor (US) /Grandstand Tutor (UK) TMS 99001986TVCassette, cartridge, optional floppy disketteTexas Instruments TI-99/4A near-compatible
USSR Vector Vector-06C 8080 compatible1987TVCassette, 3rd party cartridge and floppy diskette
USA Videobrain VideoBrain Family Computer Fairchild F81977TVCartridge, optional cassette
Hungary Videoton TVC Z801986TVCassette, floppy diskette[21]
Norway West Computer AS West PC-800 6502, Z801984TV, monitorCassette, floppy disketteApple II, CP/M[22]
Belgium GEM (Groupement européen d'études) GEM 1000 also known as GEM 1000 Junior Computer, and the French Charlemagne 999 Z801985TV, monitorCassette, cartridge6847French BASIC for the Charlemagne, but uses QWERTY
Origin Manufacturer Model Processor Year Video Type Mass storage Video Chip
(see list)		 Compatibility Remarks Ref

List of hobby, kit, or trainer computers
See also: List of early microcomputers

This type of microcomputer required significant electronics skills to assemble or operate. They were sometimes sold in kit form that required the user to insert and solder components in a printed circuit board. They may have had just blinking lights and toggle switches, or a hexadecimal display and a numeric keypad. While some units were possibly expandable to the "checkbook balancing/homework typing" stage, most were intended more for education on the use and application of microprocessors. See also Microprocessor development board, Single-board computer.

School computers

These were aimed at the class room, not the living room. Some types were popular in the centrally planned economies of eastern Europe where Western computers were scarce, or in the early days of computer education in Western schools. Popular home computers of the period were fitted with various types of network interfaces to allow sharing of files, large disk drives, and printers, and often allowed a teacher to interact with a student, supervise the system usage, and carry out administrative tasks from a host computer.

Cardboard and demonstrator "computers"

Logic demonstrators illustrated some of the logical principles of computer circuits, but were incapable of automatic operation or non-trivial calculations. Some were literally cardboard, others used combinations of switches and lamps to show how logical operations worked. Some products demonstrated logical operations purely mechanically.

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gollark: ++magic sql INSERT INTO marriages (e1, e2, married_at) VALUES ('@<356107472269869058>', 'C', 1597692909)
gollark: I'm on my phone. Nobody wants to type SQL on their phone.

See also

References
  1. Survey of 150 computers, Computing Now, September 1984 pp. 8-31
  2. Survey of 200 computers, Computing Now ISSN 0823-6437, April 1985 pp. 14-44,
  3. Eric Jensen The Atari 520ST, BYTE Vol.11 No. 6 ISSN 0360-5280 pg. 233-238
  4. What's New, BYTE Magazine July 1979 pg. 240
  5. Walgenbach, Kerstin & Stefan. "HCM: East-European Home-Computer ..." www.homecomputer.de.
  6. Bill Markwick, The Amiga 500, Electronics and Technology Today February 1988 pp. 18-20
  7. Rezun, Miron (1996). Science, technology, and ecopolitics in the USSR. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 71–72. ISBN 0-275-95383-1.
  8. http://jdh.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/2/163.full.pdf Paul Atkinson, The Curious Case of the Kitchen Computer: Products and Non-Products in Design History, from Journal of Design History, Vol. 23 No.2 doi:10.1093.jdh/epq010
  9. "Iskra 1030 retrieved 2012 Dec 4". Archived from the original on 2012-07-28. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
  10. "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". www.old-computers.com.
  11. "ASCII EXPRESS : PC-8800・PC-6000 NECのニューマシン、遂にデビュー". ASCII (in Japanese). 5 (11). 1981.
  12. "Schneider EuroPC II - MCbx". www.oldcomputer.info.
  13. "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". www.old-computers.com.
  14. "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". www.old-computers.com.
  15. "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". www.old-computers.com.
  16. The Poly Preservation Project
  17. "Kiwi Nuggets Forum: Poly 1 Educational Computer". www.creationz.co.nz.
  18. ""Preserving our Heritage NZ-made Computers", Bob Doran, CS Dept. University of Auckland & Andrew Trotman, CS Dept. University of Otago" (PDF).
  19. Japan, Information Processing Society of. "M200 Smart Home Computer Series-Computer Museum". museum.ipsj.or.jp.
  20. "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". www.old-computers.com.
  21. "Videoton TV Computer". Retrieved March 27, 2011.
  22. Gulbrandsen, Eirik (April–May 1985). "West PC-800 en talentfull maskin" (PDF). Mikrodata (in Norwegian). Vol. 3 no. 3. Computerworld Norge. pp. 8–12. ISSN 0800-269X.CS1 maint: date format (link)

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