List of contaminated cell lines

Many cell lines that are widely used for biomedical research have been overgrown by other, more aggressive cells. For example, supposed thyroid lines were actually melanoma cells, supposed prostate tissue was actually bladder cancer, and supposed normal uterine cultures were actually breast cancer.[1] This is a list of cell lines that have been cross-contaminated and overgrown by other cells. Estimates based on screening of leukemia-lymphoma cell lines suggest that about 15% of these cell lines are not representative of what they are usually assumed to be.[2] A project is currently underway to enumerate and rename contaminated cell lines to avoid errors in research caused by misattribution.[3][4][lower-alpha 1]

Contaminated cell lines have been extensively used in research without knowledge of their true character. For example, most if not all research on the endothelium ECV-304 or the megakaryocyte DAMI cell lines has in reality been conducted on bladder carcinoma and erythroleukemia cells, respectively. Thus, all research on endothelium- or megakaryocyte-specific functions utilizing these cell lines has turned out to be misguided, serving more of a warning example.

There are two principal ways a cell line can become contaminated: cell cultures are often exchanged between research groups; if, during handling, a sample gets contaminated and then passed on, subsequent exchanges of cells will lead to the contaminating population being established, although parts of the supposed cell line are still genuine. More serious is contamination at the source: during establishment of the original cell line, some contaminating cells are accidentally introduced into the cultures, where they in time outgrow the desired cells. The initial testing, in this case, still suggested that the cell line is genuine and novel, but in reality, it has disappeared soon after being established and all samples of such cell lines are actually the contaminant cells. It requires lengthy research to determine the precise point where cell lines have become contaminated. A mix-up rated as contamination could in reality be a simple confusion of two cell lines, but usually contamination is assumed.

After a cell line has been discovered to be contaminated, they are usually never used again for research demanding the specific type of cell line they are assumed to be. Most contaminated cell lines are discarded, however sometimes contaminant cells have acquired novel characteristics (e.g., by mutation or viral transfection, for example the HeLa derivate Det98) and thus constitute a novel lineage after all, so are not thrown away. If a cell line is thought to be contaminated, it is usually tested for authenticity.[lower-alpha 2] The widespread contamination of HeLa cells was initially recognized by Walter Nelson-Rees using simple Giemsa stain karyotyping under a light microscope. This technique works well in recognizing HeLa because these cells have distinctive chromosome aberrations. Novel cell lines are proliferated and distributed and/or deposited at a safekeeping institution such as the ATCC as soon as possible after establishment, to minimize the odds that the line becomes spoiled by contamination. It is considered good practice to periodically check cell lines maintained under laboratory conditions (i.e., not placed in long-term storage) for contamination with HeLa or other common contaminants, to ensure that their quality and integrity is maintained.

Lists of contaminated cell lines
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

This list, containing 488 cell lines, was last updated on 1 December 2016.[lower-alpha 3]

Cellosaurus also is maintaining a list of "problematic" cell lines.[6] The list is dynamically generated from all cell lines in the database with a comment containing the dedicated words "Problematic cell line". As of 17 January 2017, the list contains 757 entries.

If no species is given in the individual entries of the following tables, the table's species applies to both the assumed and the actual cell types.

Cell lines marked Virtual in the table below are known instances of contamination at the source; these cell lines became extinct or never existed. Cases where non-contaminated lines are known or strongly suspected to exist are marked Existent.

Contaminated human cell lines
Supposed cell lineExistent?Supposed cell typeReal cell lineReal cell typeReferenceCellosaurus
207Existentpre-B cell leukemiaREH or CCRF-CEMpre-B cell or T cell leukemia[7]CVCL_K034
2474/90Virtualstomach carcinomaHT-29colon carcinoma[7]CVCL_9556
2563, MAC-21lung lymphomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_M629, CVCL_M627
2957/90Virtualstomach carcinomaHT-29colon carcinoma[7]CVCL_9557
3051/80Virtualstomach carcinomaHT-29colon carcinoma[7]CVCL_9558
ADLC-5M2Virtuallung carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[7]CVCL_8169
AG-FVirtualHodgkin's diseaseCCRF-CEM variantT cell leukemia[9]CVCL_D101
AOVirtualamnionHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_D631
ARH-77Existent?plasma cell leukemiaunknownEpstein-Barr virus-transfected B cell lymphoblastoid[9]CVCL_1072
AV3VirtualamnionHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_1904
BCC1/KMCVirtualbasal cell carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[7]CVCL_A033
BE-13VirtualT cell leukemiaPEERT cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_1081
BJA-BExistentBurkitt's lymphomaREHpre-B cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_5711
BLIN-1, -1E8Virtualpre-B cell leukemiaNALM-6pre-B cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8173
BM-1604Virtualprostate carcinomaDU-145prostate carcinoma[7]CVCL_1968
BrCa 5Virtualbreast carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_D280
BT-20Existentbreast carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_0178
CaMa (cl 15)Virtualbreast carcinomaunknownLaboratory mouse/Golden hamster cells[8]CVCL_1T14
CaOVVirtualovarian carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_M091
CaVeVirtualstomach carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_8444
Chang liverliverHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]; Lacroix (2008)CVCL_0238
CHBVirtualastrocytomaunknownLaboratory rat glial cells?[8]CVCL_1R45
CMP, CMPII C2Virtualintestinal adenocarcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_D297 CVCL_L115
CO (COLE)VirtualHodgkin's diseaseCCRF-CEMT cell leukemia[9]CVCL_J653
COLO-818VirtualmelanomaCOLO-800melanoma[7]CVCL_1998
D18TVirtualsynovial cellHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_8669
DAMIVirtualmegakaryocyticHELerythroleukemiaMacLeod et al. (1997a, b)CVCL_4360
DAPTVirtualpilocytic astrocytomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_D279
Detroit 6 (Det6)Virtualsternal marrowHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_2436
Detroit 30A (Det30A)Virtualcarcinoma ascitesHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_8674
Detroit 98 (Det98), Det98/AG,
Det98/AH-2, Det98/AHR		Virtualsternal marrowHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_8188
DDVirtualmalignant histiocytosisK-562terminal CMLDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_J651
EB33VirtualprostateHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_8344
ECV-304Virtualnormal endotheliumT-24bladder carcinomaDirks et al. (1999); Lacroix (2008)CVCL_2029
EHVirtualhairy cell leukemiaHKhairy cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_L804
ElCoVirtualbreast carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_8686
EPLC-32M1Virtuallung carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[7]CVCL_8193
EPLC-65HVirtuallung carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[7]CVCL_8194
ESP1VirtualSporadic Burkitt's lymphomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_8351
EU-1Virtualpre-B cell leukemiaREHpre-B cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8857
EU-7VirtualT cell leukemiaCCRF-CEMT cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8865
EUEVirtualfetal subcutisHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_7262
EVLC2Virtualtransfected umbilical vein endotheliumunknownnon-endothelial?Unger et al. (2002)CVCL_8687
F2-4E5Virtualthymus epitheliumSK-HEP-1liver carcinoma[7]CVCL_A040
F2-5B6Virtualthymus epitheliumSK-HEP-1liver carcinoma[7]CVCL_A041
F255A4Virtual???HeLacervical adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_8688
FLVirtualamnionHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_1905
FQ, RB, RY, SpRVirtualHodgkin's disease spleenOMK-210Three-striped night monkey kidney[8]CVCL_L984, CVCL_L985,
CVCL_U964, CVCL_L986
G-11Virtualbreast carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_U962
GHEVirtualastrocytomaT-24bladder carcinoma[7]CVCL_8199
Girardi heartheartHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]; Lacroix (2008)CVCL_2254
GM01312myelomaunknownEpstein-Barr virus-transfected B cell lymphoblastoidDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_J111
GM01500myelomaunknownEpstein-Barr virus-transfected B cell lymphoblastoidDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_D870
GREF-XVirtualliver myofibroblastunknownLaboratory rat cell line[7]CVCL_7667
HAENDliver angiosarcomaunknownnon-endothelial?Unger et al. (2002)CVCL_8690
hAGVirtualadenomatoid goitreT-24bladder carcinoma[7]CVCL_8223
HBCVirtualinfiltrating ductal carcinomaunknownRat cell line[8]CVCL_M630
HBT3, HBT-E, HBT-39bVirtualbreast carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_D281, CVCL_M746,
CVCL_J652
HCEVirtualcervical carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_M619
HEKVirtualembryonic kidneyHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_M624
HEK/HRVtransfected embryonic kidneyHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_M625
HEL-R66Virtualembryonic lungunknownGrivet cell line[8]CVCL_1R39
HEp-2Virtuallarynx epidermoid carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinomaChen (1988); Lacroix (2008)CVCL_1906
HIMeg-1Existent?CMLHL-60myeloblastic leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8439
HKB-1VirtualHodgkin's diseaseunknownunknownDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_5290
HMV-1VirtualmelanomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[7]CVCL_8233
HPB-ALLExistentT cell leukemiaJurkatT cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_1820
HPB-MLTVirtualT cell leukemiaHPB-ALLT cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_7959
hPTCVirtualpapillary thyroid carcinomaunknownDomestic pig cell line[7]CVCL_8224
HS-445Hodgkin's diseaseunknownEpstein-Barr virus-transfected B cell lymphoblastoidDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_0761
HS-SultanVirtualmultiple myeloma plasmacytomaJijoyeEndemic Burkitt's lymphomaDrexler et al. (2001)CVCL_2516
HuK°39VirtualkidneyHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_8283
HuTVirtualfibrosarcoma-derived cell line 8387HeLacervical adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_M861
IM-9multiple myelomaunknownEpstein-Barr virus-transfected B cell lymphoblastoid;[9] Lacroix (2008)CVCL_1305
IMC-2Virtualmaxillary carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[7]CVCL_8245
Intestine 407 (INT 407)Virtualintestinal epitheliumHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]; Lacroix (2008)CVCL_1907
J96Virtualleukemic bloodHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_3990
J111Virtualmonocytic leukemiaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]; Lacroix (2008)CVCL_2965
JHCVirtualplacentaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_M093
JHTVirtualtransfected placentaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_M620
JOSK-I, -K, -M, -SVirtualmonocytic leukemiaU-937histiocytic lymphoma[7]CVCL_2082, CVCL_81411,
CVCL_2083, CVCL_8142
K051Existent?myeloblastic leukemiaK-562terminal CMLDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_3000
Karpas 45ExistentT cell leukemiaunknownunknown[9]CVCL_1326
KBVirtualoral carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]; Lacroix (2008)CVCL_0372
KBM-3Existentmonocytic leukemiaHL-60myeloblastic leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_A425
KE-37ExistentT cell leukemiaCCRF-CEMT cell leukemia[9]CVCL_1327
KM-3Existent?pre-B cell leukemiaREHpre-B cell leukemia[9]CVCL_0011
KMS-21-BMExistent?myelomaunknownunknownDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_2991
KPB-M15Virtualterminal CMLKYO-1terminal CMLDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_5308
KP-P1Virtualprostate carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_D283
L132Virtualembryonic lung epitheliumHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]; Lacroix (2008)CVCL_1908
L-540ExistentHodgkin's diseaseCCRF-CEMT cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_1362
L-591Existent?Hodgkin's diseaseunknownEpstein-Barr virus-transfected B cell lymphoblastoidDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_1867
LED-Ticervical carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_8438
LR10.6Virtualpre-B cell leukemiaNALM-6pre-B cell leukemia[7]CVCL_8260
LUVirtualfetal lungHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_M631
LU 106Virtualembryonic lungHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_8892
M10TVirtualsynovial cellHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_M094
MA160VirtualprostateHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_8261
MaTuVirtualbreast carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[7]CVCL_5328
MB-02Existentmegakaryoblastic leukemiaHU-3megakaryoblastic leukemia[9]CVCL_7075
MC-4000Virtualbreast carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[7]CVCL_5331
MC/CARplasma cell leukemiaunknownEpstein-Barr virus-transfected B cell lymphoblastoid[9]CVCL_1397
McCoyVirtualsynovial cellStrain LLaboratory mouse connective tissue[10]CVCL_3742
MDA-MB-435Virtualbreast carcinomaM14melanomaEllison et al. J Clin Pathol Mol Pathol 55, 294-9; Lacroix (2008)CVCL_0417
MDSVirtualmonocytic leukemiaJurkatT cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_L807
MHH-225Existent?megakaryoblastic leukemiaJurkatT cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8894
Minnesota EEVirtualesophageal epitheliumHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_8264
MKB-1VirtualT cell leukemiaCCRF-CEMT cell leukemia[7]CVCL_8265
MOBS-1Virtualmonocytic leukemiaU-937histiocytic lymphoma[9]CVCL_8442
MOLT-15VirtualT cell leukemiaCTV-1monocytic leukemia[7]CVCL_8150
MT-1Virtualbreast carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma;[7] Lacroix (2008)CVCL_0441
MUTZ-1VirtualT cell leukemiaNamalwaBurkitt's lymphoma[9]CVCL_1431
NCTC2544, NCTC3075Virtualskin epitheliumHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]; Lacroix (2008)CVCL_0461, CVCL_8156
NCI-ADR-RESVirtualbreast cancerOVCAR-8high grade serous ovarian cancerLiscovitch & Ravid (2007)CVCL_1452
NOI-90Virtualnatural killer cell lymphomaREHpre-B cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8462
OEVirtualendometriumHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_J350
OU-AML-1, -2. -3, -4,
-5, -6, -7, -8		Virtualacute myeloid leukemiaOCI/AML2monocytic leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8391, CVCL_8392,
CVCL_8393, CVCL_8394,
CVCL_8395, CVCL_8396,
CVCL_8397, CVCL_8398
P1-1A3Virtualthymus epitheliumSK-HEP-1liver carcinoma[7]CVCL_A042
P1-4D6Virtualthymus epitheliumSK-HEP-1liver carcinoma[7]CVCL_A046
P39/TsuganeExistentmyeloblastic leukemiaHL-60myeloblastic leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_0478
PBEIVirtualpre-B cell leukemiaNALM-6pre-B cell leukemia[7]CVCL_8270
PLB-985Virtualmonocytic leukemiaHL-60myeloblastic leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_2162
RAMAK-1Virtualmuscle synoviumT-24bladder carcinoma[7]CVCL_8271
RBHF-1Virtualhepatomaunknownnon-human mammal cell line[7]CVCL_Y465
RC-2AExistent?monocytic leukemiaCCRF-CEMT cell leukemia[9]CVCL_L808
RED-3Virtualacute myeloid leukemiaHL-60myeloblastic leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8907
REH-6Virtualpre-B cell leukemiaunknownLaboratory mouse cell line[9]CVCL_L803
RM-10Virtualterminal CMLK-562terminal CML[9]CVCL_8463
RPMI-6666Hodgkin's diseaseunknownEpstein-Barr virus-transfected B cell lymphoblastoidDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_1665
RPMI-8402ExistentT cell leukemiaunknownunknown;[9] Lacroix (2008)CVCL_1667
RS-1Existent?megakaryoblastic leukemiaK-562terminal CMLDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8423
RspHodgkin's diseaseunknownEpstein-Barr virus-transfected B cell lymphoblastoidDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_M628
RT4Existentbladder carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_0036
SA4VirtualliposarcomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_8910
SAM-1Virtualterminal CMLK-562terminal CMLDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8440
SBC-2Virtualbladder carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[7]CVCL_1677
SBC-7Virtualbladder carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[7]CVCL_1680
SCLC-16H, -24HVirtualsmall cell lung carcinomaSCLC-21/22Hsmall cell lung carcinoma[7]CVCL_X025, CVCL_8262
SH-2Virtualbreast carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_M622
SH-3Virtualbreast carcinomaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_M383
SPI-801, -802VirtualT cell leukemiaK-562terminal CML[7]CVCL_2200, CVCL_2201
SR-91VirtualT cell leukemiaAML-193monocytic leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8441
SW-527VirtualtumorSW-480/SW-620colon adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_3799
SW-598VirtualtumorSW-480/SW-620colon adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_F649
SW-608VirtualtumorSW-480/SW-620colon adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_F653
SW-613VirtualtumorSW-480/SW-620colon adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_F650
SW-732VirtualtumorSW-480/SW-620colon adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_F651
SW-733VirtualtumorSW-480/SW-620colon adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_F652
T-1VirtualkidneyHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[8]CVCL_M858
T-9Virtualtransfected somaticHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_M092
T-33Existent?terminal CMLK-562terminal CMLDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8427
TDL-1, TDL-2Virtualtonsil lymphoidP3JHR-1Burkitt's lymphoma[8]CVCL_8428, CVCL_8429
TDL-3Virtualtonsil lymphoidRPMI-1788lymphoblastoid[8]CVCL_8430
TDL-4Virtualtonsil lymphoidRajiBurkitt's lymphoma[8]CVCL_8431
TI-1Virtualmyeloblastic leukemiaK-562terminal CMLDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_L806
TMMterminal CMLunknownEpstein-Barr virus-transfected B cell lymphoblastoid[9]CVCL_1894
TuWiVirtualWilms' TumorHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]CVCL_8275
U-937Existenthistiocytic lymphomaunknownunknown[9]CVCL_0007
UMJF-2myelomaunknownEpstein-Barr virus-transfected B cell lymphoblastoidDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_M548
UT-7Existenthistiocytic lymphomaunknownunknown[9]CVCL_2233
UTMB-460VirtualB cellCCRF-CEMT cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8276
WISHVirtualamnionHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]; Lacroix (2008)CVCL_1909
Wong-KilbourneVirtualconjunctivaHeLacervical adenocarcinoma[10]; Lacroix (2008)CVCL_2764
WSU-ALCLVirtualAnaplastic large cell lymphomaCCRF-CEMT cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_A036
WSU-CLLVirtualB cell leukemiaREHpre-B cell leukemiaDrexler et al. (2002a)CVCL_A049
YAAVirtualmonocyteU-937histiocytic lymphomaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8466
YAPVirtualmonocyteU-937histiocytic lymphomaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8467
YJVirtualmonocytic leukemiaHL-60myeloblastic leukemiaDrexler et al. (2003)CVCL_8931

Contaminated non-human cell lines
Supposed cell lineExistent?Supposed cell typeReal cell lineReal cell typeReferenceCellosaurus
Aedes vexans, [Culiseta inornata],
Aedes aegypti Suitor's clone		N/AunknownEmperor Gum Moth ovary?[8]CVCL_1R46, CVCL_1R47,
CVCL_1R48
GPS-M, GPS-PDGuinea pig spleenStrain L-MLaboratory mouse connective tissue[8]CVCL_1R31, CVCL_1R32
LT-1Leopard frog renal adenocarcinomaTH-1/FHMEastern box turtle heart / Fathead minnow epithelium[8]CVCL_1R49

Notes
  1. The original citation was ambiguous on which of these citations was being referenced, so both have been added here.
  2. The citations of this article contain some papers on how common contaminates can be recognized.
  3. An updated list can be obtained from International Cell Line Authentication Committee website.[5]
gollark: I shall create... `triangularantiprismaticprism.website`.
gollark: I mean, I like platonic solids *generally*... but stellated ones... no way.
gollark: ```You can make an account on any Mastodon instance and interact with users on this or any other one. That being said, here's reasons why you should choose this instance: You like stellated platonic solids very much. You think our rules make a lot of sense. You want to try out Mastodon / being on The Fediverse, this place being as good as any other instance for that. You think, correctly, that @halcy or @dotUser are exceedingly good at online.```
gollark: Of course somebody made `icosahedron.website`.
gollark: "I will join a technically interesting social network which nobody uses so I can talk to nobody."

References
  1. Jill Neimark (27 February 2015). "Line of attack". Science. 347 (6225): 938–940. Bibcode:2015Sci...347..938N. doi:10.1126/science.347.6225.938. PMID 25722392.
  2. Masters, John R. (April 2002). "HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly". Nature Reviews Cancer. 2 (4): 315–319. doi:10.1038/nrc775. ISSN 1474-175X. PMID 12001993.
  3. Drexler, H. G.; Quentmeier, H.; Dirks, W. G.; Uphoff, C. C.; MacLeod, R. a. F. (September 2002). "DNA profiling and cytogenetic analysis of cell line WSU-CLL reveal cross-contamination with cell line REH (pre B-ALL)". Leukemia. 16 (9): 1868–1870. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2402610. ISSN 1476-5551. PMID 12200708.
  4. Drexler, Hans G.; Uphoff, Cord C.; Dirks, Willy G.; MacLeod, Roderick A. F. (2002-04-01). "Mix-ups and mycoplasma: the enemies within". Leukemia Research. 26 (4): 329–333. doi:10.1016/S0145-2126(01)00136-9. ISSN 0145-2126. PMID 11839374.
  5. "Database of Cross-Contaminated or Misidentified Cell Lines" (PDF). iclac.org. January 12, 2016. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
  6. "Cellosaurus search result: 757 hits for 'problematic cell line'". Cellosaurus. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 17 January 2018. The reference includes the list of linked pages in the search result.
  7. Dirks, Wilhelm G.; MacLeod, Roderick A. F.; Drexler, Hans G. (November 1999). "ECV304 (endothelial) is really T24 (bladder carcinoma): Cell line cross-contamination at source". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal. 35 (10): 558–559. doi:10.1007/s11626-999-0091-8. ISSN 1071-2690. PMID 10614862.
  8. Nelson-Rees, W.; Daniels, D.; Flandermeyer, R. (1981-04-24). "Cross-contamination of cells in culture". Science. 212 (4493): 446–452. Bibcode:1981Sci...212..446N. doi:10.1126/science.6451928. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 6451928.
  9. Drexler, Hg; Dirks, Wg; MacLeod, Raf (October 1999). "False human hematopoietic cell lines: cross-contaminations and misinterpretations". Leukemia. 13 (10): 1601–1607. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2401510. ISSN 0887-6924. PMID 10516762.
  10. Nelson-Rees, W. A.; Flandermeyer, R. R. (1976). "HeLa cultures defined". Science. 191 (4222): 96–98. Bibcode:1976Sci...191...96N. doi:10.1126/science.1246601. PMID 1246601.

Bibliography
  • Cellosaurus list of problematics (contaminated/misidentified) cell lines
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