List of Sapindaceae genera

This is a list of genera in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae, which includes the soapberries (Sapindus), maples (Acer), and paullinias, amongst others. As currently circumscribed, the family contains approximatively 1900 species into over 140 genera classified into 4 subfamilies.[1]

The fruits of Sapindus saponaria, western or wingleaf soapberry, give the family its vernacular name.

Current understanding

The current circumscription of Sapindaceae encompasses the traditional Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae as tribes in subfamily Hippocastanoideae. Although the classification at subfamilial level is fairly well-established, the circumscription at tribal and generic level remains only partially resolved, especially in the larger subfamily Sapindoideae, which has led the most recent revision to treat the majority of these genera without placing them in a tribe.[1] Another recent study hints at even more incongruity between traditional circumscription and molecular evidence.[2]

Recent changes have included the synonymization of Distichostemon with Dodonaea,[3] and Neotina and Tinopsis with Tina.[4] Additionally, not all authors agree about the broad circumscription that ensues from placing Xanthoceras as the sister group to the three traditional families as the resulting Sapindaceae sensu lato, unlike the traditional families, is difficult to characterize.[1][5] As a result, the elevation of Xanthoceroideae to family level was recently proposed, which would remove from Sapindaceae those six genera currently placed in that subfamily and Hippocastanoideae.[5]

This list follows Acevedo-Rodríguez et al.[1] as modified by more recent research.[3][4][6][7][8][9]

Genera

Genus
Authority
Year Classification Type species # of species Distribution
Xanthoceras
Bunge[10][N 1]
1833XanthoceroideaeXanthoceras sorbifolia
Bunge
1China
Acer
L.[11]
1753Acer pseudoplatanus
L.
120+Temperate northern hemisphere
Dipteronia
Oliv.[12]
1898Dipteronia sinensis
Oliv.
2China
Aesculus
L.[11]
1753
Aesculus hippocastanum
13Temperate Northern hemisphere
Billia
Peyr.[13]
1858
Billia hippocastanum
Peyr.
2Mexico to South America
Handeliodendron
Rehder[14]
1935
Handeliodendron bodinieri
Rehder
1China
Arfeuillea[N 2]
Pierre ex Radlk.[15]
1895
Arfeuillea arborescens
Pierre ex Radlk.
1Thailand and Laos
Averrhoidium
Baill.[16]
1874
Averrhoidium gardnerianum
Baill.
4Mexico,
Tropical South America
Cossinia
Comm. ex Lam.[17]
1786
Cossinia pinnata
Comm. ex Lam.
3Mauritius, New Caledonia
Diplokeleba
N.E.Br.[18]
1894
Diplokeleba floribunda
N.E.Br.
2South America
Diplopeltis
Endl.[19]
1837
Diplopeltis huegelii
Endl.
5Australia
Dodonaea
Mill.[20]
1754
Dodonaea viscosa
Jacq.
60+Pantropical
Euphorianthus[N 3]
Radlk.[21]
1879
Euphorianthus euneurus
Radlk.
1Eastern Malesia
Eurycorymbus
Hand.-Mazz.[22]
1922
Eurycorymbus austrosinensis[N 4]
Hand.-Mazz.
1China
Harpullia
Roxb.[23]
1824
Harpullia cupanioides
Roxb.
26India and China to Australasia
Llagunoa
Ruiz & Pav.[24]
1796
Llagunoa nitida
Ruiz & Pav.
3 or 4Andes
Loxodiscus
Hook.f.[25]
1857
Loxodiscus coriaceus
Hook.f.
1New Caledonia
Magonia
A.St.-Hil.[26][N 5]
1824
None designated1[N 6]Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay
Majidea
J.Kirk ex Oliv.[27]
1871
Majidea zanguebarica
J.Kirk ex Oliv.
4 or 5Africa and Madagascar
Doratoxylon
Thouars ex Hook.f.[28]
1862
Doratoxylon diversifolium
(A.Juss.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks.
6Mauritius, Madagascar
Euchorium[N 7]
Ekman & Radlk.[29]
1925
Euchorium cubense
Ekman & Radlk.
1Cuba
Exothea
Macfad.[30]
1837
Exothea oblongifolia
Macfad.
3West Indies, Central America
Filicium[N 8]
Thwaites ex Benth.[28]
1862
Filicium decipiens
(Wight & Arn.) Thwaites
3 or 4Madagascar, East Africa to
India and Sri Lanka
Ganophyllum
Blume[31]
1850
Ganophyllum falcatum
1 or 2Paleotropics
Hippobromus
Eckl. & Zeyh.[32]
1836
Hippobromus alatus
(Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh.
1Africa
Hypelate
P.Browne[33]
1756
Hypelate trifoliata
Sw.
1West Indies, Florida
Zanha
Hiern[34]
1896
Zanha golungensis
Hiern
23Southern Africa, Madagascar
Allophylastrum
Acev.-Rodr.[6]
2011
Allophylastrum frutescens
Acev.-Rodr.
1Brazil, Guyana
Allophylus
L.[11]
1753
Allophylus zeylanicus
L.
?[N 9]Pantropical
Athyana
Radlk.[35]
1887
("1888")
Athyana weinmannifolia
Radlk.
1Peru, Bolivia, Argentina
Balsas
J.Jiménez Ram. & K.Vega[7]
2011
Balsas guerrerensis
Cruz Durán & K.Vega
1Mexico
Bridgesia
Bertero ex Cambess.[36]
1834
Bridgesia incisifolia
Bertero ex Cambessèdes
1Chile
Cardiospermum
L.[11]
1753
Cardiospermum halicacabum
L.
15Pantropical
Diatenopteryx
Radlk.[37]
1878
Diatenopteryx sorbifolia
Radlk.
2Southern South America
Guindilia
Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.[38]
1833
Guindilia trinervis
Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.
3Southern South America
Houssayanthus
Hunz.[39]
1978
Houssayanthus macrolophus
(Radlk. Hunz.)
5Central and Southern America
Lophostigma
Radlk.[40]
1897
Lophostigma plumosum
Radlk.
2Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Paullinia
L.[11]
1753
Paullinia pinnata
L.
c. 190Neotropics and
one African species
Serjania
Mill.[20]
1754
Serjania sinuata

Schumach.

c. 230Neotropics
Thinouia
Triana & Planch.[41]
1862
Thinouia myriantha
Triana & Planch.
c. 12Central and South America
Thouinia
Poit.[42]
1804
Thouinia simplicifolia
Poit.
c. 30West indies, Central America
Urvillea
Kunth[43]
1821
Urvillea ulmacea
Kunth
c. 15Central and South America
Melicoccus
P.Browne[33]
1756
Melicoccus bijugatus
Jacq.
10Dominican Republic,
South America
Talisia
Aubl.[44]
1775
Talisia guianensis
Aubl.
52Southern Mexico to
South America
Alatococcus
Acev.-Rodr.[9]
2012
Alatococcus siqueirae
Acev.-Rodr.
1Brazil
Alectryon
Gaertn.[45]
1788
Alectryon excelsus
Gaertn.
25Malesia, Australasia and Micronesia
Amesiodendron
Hu[46]
1936
Amesiodendron chinense
(Merr.) Hu
1–3Southern China to Sumatra
Aporrhiza
Radlk.[37]
1878
Aporrhiza paniculata
Radlk.
4–6Tropical Africa
Arytera
Blume[47]
1847
Arytera littoralis
Blume
c. 28India, Southeast Asia to
Australasia
Atalaya
Blume[47]
1847
Atalaya salicifolia
(DC.) Blume
12South Africa, Australia, Malesia
Beguea
Capuron[48]
1969
Beguea apetala
Capuron
1Madagascar
Bizonula
Pellegr.[49]
1925
("1924")
Bizonula le-testui
1Gabon
Blighia
K.D.Koenig[50]
1806
("1805")
Blighia sapida
K.D.Koenig
3Tropical Africa
Blighiopsis
Van der Veken[51]
1960
Blighiopsis pseudostipularis
Van der Veken
1Central Africa
Blomia
Miranda[52]
1953
Blomia cupanioides[N 10]
Miranda
1Mexico, Guatemala and Belize
Camptolepis
Radlk.[53]
1907
("1908")
Camptolepis ramiflora
(Taub.) Radlk.
4East Africa, Madagascar
Castanospora
F.Muell.[54]
1875
Castanospora alphandii
(F.Muell.) F.Muell.
1Australia
Chouxia
Capuron[48]
1969
Chouxia sorindeioides
6Madagascar
Chytranthus
Hook.f.[28]
1862
Chytranthus mannii
Hook.f.
25+Western tropical Africa
Cnesmocarpon
Adema[55]
1993
Cnesmocarpon dasyantha
(Radlk.) Adema
1Australia, Papua New Guinea
Conchopetalum
Radlk.[35]
1887
("1888")
Conchopetalum madagascariense
Radlk.
2Madagascar
Cubilia
Blume[47]
1847
Cubilia cubili[N 11]
(Blanco) Adelb.
1Malesia
Cupania
L.[11]
1753
Cupania americana
c. 50Neotropical
Cupaniopsis
Radlk.[21]
1879
Cupaniopsis anacardioides
(A.Rich.) Radlk.
60Malesia to Australasia
Deinbollia
Schumach.[56]
1827
Deinbollia pinnata
(Poir.) Schumach. & Thonn.
c. 38Southern Africa,
Madagascar, Mascarene
Delavaya
Franch.[57][N 12]
1887
("1886")
Delavaya toxocarpa
Franch.
1China
Dictyoneura
Blume[47]
1847
Dictyoneura acuminata
Blume
2–3Malesia, Philippines, Australia
Dilodendron
Radlk.[37]
1878
Dilodendron bipinnatus
Radlk.
3Neotropical
Dimocarpus
Lour.[58]
1790
Dimocarpus lichi
Lour.
6Southern Asia to Australia
Diploglottis
Hook.f.[28]
1862
Diploglottis cunninghamii[N 13]
(Hook.) Hook.f. ex Benth.[N 14]
12Australia, Papua New Guinea
Elattostachys
(Blume) Radlk.[59]
1879
Elattostachys zippeliana
(Blume) Radlk.
c. 20Malesia, Australasia
Eriocoelum
Hook.f.[28]
1862
None designated[N 15]10+Tropical Africa
Erythrophysa[N 16]
E.Mey. ex Arn.[60]
1841
Erythrophysa undulata[N 17]
E.Mey. ex Sond.
5South Africa, Madagascar
Erythrophysopsis
Verdc.[61]
1962
Erythrophysopsis aesculina
(Baill.) Verdc.
1Madagascar
Gereaua
Buerki & Callm.[8]
2010
Gereaua perrieri
(Capuron) Buerki & Callm.
1Madagascar
Glenniea
Hook.f.[28]
1862
Glenniea unijuga
(Thwaites) Radlk.
8Paleotropical
Gloeocarpus
Radlk.[62]
1914
("1913")
Gloeocarpus crenatus[N 18]
Radlk.
1Philippines
Gongrodiscus
Radlk.[21]
1879
Gongrodiscus sufferrugineus
Radlk.
3New Caledonia
Gongrospermum
Radlk.[62]
1914
(1913)
Gongrospermum philippinense
Radlk.
3Philippines
Guioa
Cav.[63]
1798
("1797")
Guioa lentiscifolia
Cav.
c. 64Southeastern Asia to
Australasia
Haplocoelopsis
F.G.Davies[64]
1997
Haplocoelopsis africana
F.G.Davies
1Central and East Africa
Haplocoelum
Radlk.[37]
1878
Haplocoelum inoploeum
Radlk.
c. 7Tropical Africa and Madagascar
Hornea
Baker[65]
1877
Hornea Mauritiana
Baker
1Mauritius
Jagera
Blume[47]
1847
Jagera speciosa[N 19]
Blume
2Moluccas, New Guinea,
Australia
Koelreuteria
Laxm.[66]
1772
("1771")
Koelreuteria paniculata
Laxm.
c. 4Eastern Asia
Laccodiscus
Radlk.[21]
1879
Laccodiscus ferrugineus
(Baker) Radlk.
c. 6West Africa
Lecaniodiscus
Planch. ex Benth.[67]
1849
Lecaniodiscus cupanioides
Planch. ex Benth.
2Tropical Africa
Lepiderema
Radlk.[59]
1879
Lepiderema papuana
Radlk.
8Australia, New Guinea
Lepidopetalum
Blume[47]
1847
Lepidopetalum perrottetii
Blume
6Malesia, Australia
Lepisanthes
Blume[68]
1825
Lepisanthes montana
Blume
c. 24Paleotropics, Australia
Litchi
Sonn.[69][N 20]
1782
Litchi sinensis
1Southeastern China to
Malesia
Lychnodiscus
Radlk.[37]
1878
Lychnodiscus reticulatus
Radlk.
c. 7Tropical Africa
Macphersonia
Blume[47]
1847
Macphersonia madagascariensis
Blume
8Aldabra, Madagascar,
West Tropical Africa
Matayba
Aubl.[44]
1775
Matayba guianensis
c. 50Neotropical
Mischarytera
(Radlk.) H.Turner[70]
1995
Mischarytera lautereriana
(F.M.Bailey) H.Turner
3Australia, Papua New Guinea
Mischocarpus
Blume[68]
1825
Mischocarpus sundaicus
Blume
c. 15Southeastern Asia to Australia
Molinaea
Comm. ex Juss.[71]
1789
Molinaea arborea
J.F.Gmel.
c. 10Madagascar and
Mascarenes Islands
Namataea
D.W.Thomas & D.J.Harris[72]
1999
Namataea simplicifolia
D.W.Thomas & D.J.Harris
1Cameroon
Nephelium
L.[73][N 21]
1767
Nephelium lappaceum
L.
c. 16Southeastern Asia to Malesia
Otonephelium[N 22]
Radlk.[74]
1890
Otonephelium stipulaceum
Radlk.
1Southern India
Pancovia
Willd.[75]
1799
Pancovia Bijuga
Willd.
10–12West Africa
Pappea
Eckl. & Zeyh.[32]
1834
Pappea capensis
Eckl. & Zeyh.
1Southern Africa
Paranephelium
Miq.[76]
1861
("1861")
Paranephelium xestophyllum
Miq.
4Yunnan to Malesia
Pavieasia
Pierre[77][N 23]
1895
Pavieasia anamensis
(Pierre) Pierre
1–3China
Pentascyphus
Radlk.[21]
1879
Pentaschyphus thyrsiflorus
Radlk.
1French Guiana, Surinam, Brazil
Phyllotrichum
Thorel ex Lecomte[78]
1911
Phyllotrichum mekongense
Lecomte
1Laos
Placodiscus
Radlk.[37]
1878
Placodiscus turbinatus
Radlk.
c. 10Tropical Africa
Plagioscyphus
Radlk.[37]
1878
Plagioscyphus cauliflorus
Radlk.
c. 10Madagascar
Podonephelium
Baill.[16]
1874
Podonephelium deplanchei[N 24]
Baill.
4New Caledonia
Pometia
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.[79]
1775
Pometia pinnata
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
2India and Pacific Islands
Porocystis
Radlk.[37]
1878
Porocystis toulicioides
Radlk.
2Brazil, French Guiana
Pseudima
Radlk.[80]
1878
Pseudima frutescens
(Aubl.) Radlk.
1Continental neotropics
Pseudopancovia
Pellegr.[81]
1955
Pseudopancovia heterophylla
Pellegr.
1West Equatorial Africa
Pseudopteris
Baill.[16]
1874
Pseudopteris decipiens
Baill.
3Madagascar
Radlkofera
Gilg[82]
1898
Radlkofera calodendron
Gilg
1Western Africa
Rhysotoechia
Radlk.[59]
1879
Rhysotoechia mortoniana
(F.Muell.) Radlk.
c. 14Australia, Malesia
Sapindus
L.[11]
1753
Sapindus saponaria
L.
c. 10Circumtropical
Sarcopteryx
Radlk.[59]
1879
Sarcopteryx squamosa
(Roxb.) Radlk.
12 or 13Australia, Moluccas,
New Guinea
Sarcotoechia
Radlk.[21]
1879
Sarcotoechia cuneata
Radlk.
c. 11Australia, Moluccas,
New Guinea
Schleichera
Willd.[75]
1806
Schleichera trijuga[N 25]
Willd.
1Sri Lanka and India to Malesia
Scyphonychium
Radlk.[37]
1878
Scyphonychium multiflorum
(Mart.) Radlk.
1Brasil, French Guiana
Sinoradlkofera
F.Meyer[83]
1977
Sinoradlkofera minor
(Hemsl.) F.Meyer
1China
Sisyrolepis
Radlk.[84]
1905
Sisyrolepis siamensis[85]
Radlk.
1Thailand and Cambodia
Smelophyllum
Radlk.[37]
1878
Smelophyllum capense
(Sond.) Radlk.)
1South Africa
Stadmania
Lam.[86]
1793
Stadmania oppositifolia
Lam.
6East Tropical Africa,
Madagascar, Mauritius
Stocksia
Benth.[87]
1853
Stocksia brahuica
Benth.
1Persia, Afghanistan
Storthocalyx
Radlk.[21]
1879
None designated4New Caledonia
Synima
Radlk.[21]
1879
Synima cordieri
Radlk.
2Australia, New Guinea
Thouinidium
radlk.[37]
1878
None designated6Central America and
Greater Antilles
Tina
Schult.[88]
1819
Tina thouarsiana
(Cambess.) Capuron
19Madagascar
Toechima
Radlk.[59]
1879
Toechima erythrocarpum
(F.Muell.) Radlk.
c. 8Australia, New Guinea
Toulicia
Aubl.[44]
1775
Toulicia guianensis
Aubl.
12South America
Trigonachras
Radlk.[59]
1879
Not designated8Non-Javanese Malesia
and Lesser Sunda
Tripterodendron
Radlk.[74]
1890
Tripterodendron filicifolium
Radlk.
1Brazil
Tristira
Radlk.[59]
1879
None designated1Philippines, Moluccas, Celebes
Tristiropsis
Radlk.[35]
1887
("1888")
Tristiropsis acutangula
Radlk.
3Malesia and Australasia
Tsingya
Capuron[48]
1969
Tsingya bemarana
Capuron
1Madagascar
Ungnadia
Endl.[89]
1833
Ungnadia speciosa
Endl.
1Mexico, Texas
Vouarana
Aubl.[44]
1775
Vouarana guianensis
Aubl.
2Costa Rica to Brazil
Xerospermum
Blume[47]
1847
Xerospermum noronhianum
(Blume) Blume
2Bangladesh, Indochina,
Eastern Malesia
Zollingeria
Kurz[90]
1872
Zolligeria macrocarpa
Kurz
3 or 4Indochina, Borneo
Chonopetalum[N 26]
Radlk.[91]
1920
  • Incertae sedis
Chonopetalum stenodictyum
Radlk.
1Equatorial Guinea
Hirania[N 27]
Thulin[92]
2007
  • Incertae sedis
Hirania rosea
Thulin
1Somalia

Notes

  1. This preprint eventually appeared as Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 2:75–147 (1835).
  2. The genus might not be distinct from Majidea (Acevedo-Rodríguez et al., 2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:375)
  3. A replacement name for Radlkofer's own Euphoriopsis (Actes Congr. Bot. Amsterdam 1877:128, 1877) which was preoccupied by a genus of fossil Sapindaceae named by Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo (Sapind. Foss. Monogr.:12, 1852).
  4. Correctly treated as Eurycorymbus cavaleriei (H.Lév.) Rehder & Hand.-Mazz.
  5. Not Hist. Pl. Remarq. Brésil:239: although the title page for that work gives the year of publication as 1824, the relevant part was not issued before late 1825 (Stafley & Cowan, Taxon. Lit., ed. 2 4:1067).
  6. Saint-Hilaire originally described two species, now treated as one, but a generic type has yet to be defined.
  7. Because its fruit has not been described in the literature, this genus' tribal placement is not entirely clear (Acevedo-Rodríguez et al., 2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:378).
  8. Thwaites had originally (Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6:65. 1854) named the genus Pterophyllum, but that name had already been applied by Siebold et Zuccarini to a genus of Papaveraceae in 1843 (Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 3(3):719).
  9. The definition of species in the genus is a difficult matter, and species number have ranged from 250 to a single polymorphic one. Since the latter proposal by Pieter Willem Leenhouts (Blumea 15(2):313. 1967), "no progress in an understanding of the systematic structure of Allophylus has been made" (Acevedo-Rodríguez et al., 2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:380).
  10. The correct name for the species is Blomia prisca (Standl.) Lundell. Lundell described Tikalia (based on Cupania prisca) in 1961, before noting two years later that the genera "Appeared to be the same" (Wrightia 3(1):9).
  11. Blume, believing that not doing so would result in a tautonym, originally renamed Blanco's original Euphoria cubili to Cubilia blancoi. This was not corrected until 1948 (Blumea 6(1):325)
  12. The paper was issued in two part, the first (pp. 358–368) was included with the November 1886 issue containing proceedings of the society's July meeting. the rest was published in March 1887 alongside the proceedings of the November meeting (Leussink, 1986, Taxon 35(2):256).
  13. The correct name is Diploglottis australis (G.Don) Radlk.
  14. Not "(Hook.) Hook.f.", as Joseph Dalton Hooker failed to properly create the combination.
  15. Hooker did not place species into the genus, which is "in need of revision" (Harris & Wortley, Kew Bull. 61(2):277, 2006).
  16. Arnott published the name as Erythrophila, which Otto Wilhelm Sonder later (Fl. Cap. 1:237, 1860) "corrected" to Erythrophysa. Nonetheless, the original spelling is correct under the ICBN (Vienna, 2005, art. 60); the need to conserved the corrected spelling was noted as early as 1962 (Verdcourt, J. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 58(372):201), but no formal proposal was published.
  17. Now known as Erythrophysa alata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Hutch.
  18. Synonym of Gloeocarpus patentivalvis (Radlk.) Radlk.
  19. An illegitimate name for Jagera javanica (Blume) Blume ex Kalkman
  20. The first book was published in several edition, the in-octavo edition, vol. 3, p. 255 is often cited.
  21. The Mantissa Plantarum (Mat. Pl.:125) is often also cited. This was a work published simultaneously as an appendix to volume 2 of the Systema Naturae's 12th and 13th editions. The link is to an online scan of the 13th edition (without the Mantissa), a page-for-page reprint done in Vienna missing only the third volume's errata. See Stafleu & Cowan (1981; Taxon. Lit. 3:106–108) for further details and references.
  22. According to Acevedo-Rodríguez et al. (2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:396), the difference from Dimocarpus is "doubtful".
  23. According to Stafleu & Cowan (1983; Taxon. Lit. 4:273), different copies may be bound differently. Other sources cite "1894" as the year of publication.
  24. Now treated as a synonym of Podonephelium homei (Seem.) Radlk.
  25. Treated as Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken.
  26. Acevedo-Rodríguez et al. (2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:396) characterise the genus as "insufficiently known" and do not assign it to any family.
  27. Acevedo-Rodríguez et al. (2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:396) note that the original description, which includes and intrastaminal disk, would possibly place the genus outside Sapindaceae.
gollark: Solution: mind control.
gollark: Goodhart's law and all.
gollark: Anyway, what would "physical requirements" actually be? Also mental requirements, since those seem possibly problematic too.
gollark: No idea, don't follow American history.
gollark: Dell doesn't have to take that on directly but Apple certainly does.

References

  1. Acevedo-Rodríguez, P.; et al. (2011). "Sapindaceae". In Klaus Kubitzki (ed.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 10. Berlin: Springer. pp. 357–407. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14397-7_17. ISBN 978-3-642-14397-7.
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  85. currently named Sisyrolepis muricata (Pierre) Leenh.
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