Lisa the Iconoclast

"Lisa the Iconoclast" is the sixteenth episode of The Simpsons' seventh season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 18, 1996. In the episode, Lisa writes an essay on Springfield founder Jebediah Springfield for the town's bicentennial. While doing research, she learns he was a murderous pirate who viewed the town's citizens with contempt. Lisa and Homer try to reveal the truth about Jebediah but only anger Springfield's residents. It was originally advertised in commercials as a Presidents Day special episode. It aired the day before Presidents Day.

"Lisa the Iconoclast"
The Simpsons episode
Episode no.Season 7
Episode 16
Directed byMike B. Anderson
Written byJonathan Collier
Production code3F13
Original air dateFebruary 18, 1996 (1996-02-18)
Guest appearance(s)
Episode features
Couch gagThe family is portrayed as The Brady Bunch.[1]
Commentary

The episode was written by Jonathan Collier and directed by Mike B. Anderson.[1] It was Anderson's first directing role and the story was inspired by the 1991 exhumation of President Zachary Taylor. Donald Sutherland guest-starred as the voice of Hollis Hurlbut, a part that was written specifically for him. The episode includes several references to Colonial and Revolutionary America. It contains a scene of dialogue between George Washington and Lisa in which he makes a reference to “Kentuckians”. It also features Gilbert Stuart's unfinished 1796 painting of George Washington. In its original airing, it contains an extended scene of Jebediah’s “confession”. After he finishes narrating it and laughs we see that he wrote the laughs in the confession and Lisa is now reading the laughs. This is followed by a final confession he has Diptheria which Lisa then reacts to.

The episode features two neologisms, embiggen and cromulent, which were intended to sound like real words but are in fact completely fabricated (although it was later discovered that C. A. Ward had used "embiggen" in 1884).[2] Embiggen, coined by Dan Greaney, has since been used in several scientific publications, while cromulent, coined by David X. Cohen, appeared in Dictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon.

The episode was acclaimed by critics and is considered to be one of the best Simpsons episodes ever.

Plot

As Springfield celebrates its bicentennial, Miss Hoover assigns Lisa's second-grade class essays on Jebediah Springfield, the town's founder. Lisa visits the towns historical society to research Jebediah's life. She meets the Antiquarian curator who gives her access to Jebediah’s things. While playing his fife, she discovers his “confession” and his secret past. He confesses he was actually a pirate known as Hans Sprungfeld until 1796. After trying to kill George Washington, he wrote his confession on the back of Washington's portrait and hid it in his fife, thinking the "half-wits" of Springfield would never find it.

Mayor Quimby proclaims Homer the town crier during tryouts for historical figures in the town's upcoming celebration. Because his "criering" is better than Flanders', Homer seizes Ned's heirloom hat and bell as props. Homer is later stripped of his "criering" outfit and duties when Quimby is offended by Lisa's attempts to correct the historical record about Jebediah Springfield.

Lisa tries to convince the town her claims are true but is met with disbelief and outright hostility. When she shows the confession to Hollis Hurlbut, the museum curator, he dismisses it as an obvious forgery. Miss Hoover gives Lisa an F for her essay, which she derides as "dead white male bashing by a PC thug".

Lisa conducts more independent research on Jebediah and discovers more secrets and that he had a prosthetic silver tongue. She persuades the municipal government to exhume his body to search for it. When the coffin is opened, his skeleton contains no silver tongue. After seeing the incomplete portrait of George Washington in her classroom, Lisa realizes the piece of paper containing the confession is the bottom half of the portrait. She confronts Hurlbut, who admits that he stole the silver tongue and hid it in the museum. Hurlbut explains that he did this to protect his career and the myth of Jebediah Springfield.

After realizing it is wrong to idealize and celebrate a pirate, Lisa and Hollis decide to reveal the true story of Jebediah's life. As Lisa is about to share the truth with the parading townspeople, a sniper takes aim, but is told to wait and see what she has to say. She realizes that Jebediah Springfield's myth inspires them. She decides to keep the truth a secret.

Production
Donald Sutherland guest-starred in the episode as the voice of the historian.

The story was inspired by the real events surrounding the exhumation of President Zachary Taylor.[3] In the late 1980s, college professor and author Clara Rising theorized that Taylor was murdered by poison and was able to convince Taylor's closest living relative and the Coroner of Jefferson County, Kentucky, to order an exhumation. On June 17, 1991, Taylor's remains were exhumed and transported to the Office of the Kentucky Chief Medical Examiner, who found that the level of arsenic was much smaller than would be expected if Taylor had been thus poisoned. The remains were then returned to the cemetery and received appropriate honors at reinterment.[4] Then-show runner Bill Oakley said "Lisa the Iconoclast" is "essentially the same" story but with Lisa in the role as Rising.[3] At the end of the episode, an ode to Jebediah Springfield is played over the credits. The music and lyrics were written by Jeff Martin.[3]

Donald Sutherland voiced the historian in this episode.[1] The script was specifically written with him in mind playing that part.[5] Sutherland wanted to do the voice recordings as one would do a film and start in the middle of the script, so that he could get to know the character, but that idea was abandoned.[3] In the episode, Lisa joked she was getting over her "Chester A. Arthuritis", a play on the word "arthritis" and the name of Chester A. Arthur. Sutherland ad-libbed the line "you had arthritis?", and the producers liked it so much that they kept it.[3]

The episode opens with an old documentary on Jebediah Springfield, starring Troy McClure as Springfield. The writers tried to make this documentary seem as lousy and low-budget as possible. One of these tricks was to have post-production add scratches to the animation.[6] The animators added production errors that would occur in a low-budget film. For example, a man in the crowd looks at the camera, some of the people are wearing wristwatches,[7] McClure's stuntman does not have the same sideburns as he does, and a boom microphone can be seen entering the frame.[3] In the Historical Society, the animators spent a significant amount of time decorating the walls. Besides numerous historical references, they also decorated the walls with The Simpsons characters in 18th-century settings. The first painting shows Otto Mann driving children in a horse-drawn carriage. Another painting shows Marge Simpson in silhouette. The last painting shows Professor Frink holding a kite in the manner of Benjamin Franklin.[3]

Cultural references
Gilbert Stuart's unfinished 1796 painting of George Washington, also known as The Athenaeum, plays an important part in "Lisa the Iconoclast".

The Historical Society of Springfield contains references to historical figures and facts. The episode features Gilbert Stuart's unfinished 1796 painting of George Washington and tells a fictional backstory of how it came to be. In reality, the painting was unfinished and it did not have a part torn off.[3] Hurlbut mentions the American revolutionaries William Dawes and Samuel Allyne Otis as equals to Jebediah Springfield.[1] When Lisa passes out the "Wanted for treason" posters, it is a reference to those featuring John F. Kennedy, which were circulated in Dallas prior to his assassination.[8] Hurlbut claims Springfield's confessions are "just as fake" as the will of Howard Hughes and the diaries of Adolf Hitler, both of which are proven forgeries.[1] The opening couch gag shows the Simpson family in blue boxes similar to the style of The Brady Bunch.[1]

Chief Wiggum is singing "Camptown Races" from 1850 by Stephen Foster ventriloquised with the skull of Jebediah Springfield.[1] Lisa's dream in which Washington and Springfield are fighting is a reference to Lethal Weapon.[7] When Lisa is telling the people at Moe's Tavern about the real history of Jebediah Springfield, they all sit with their mouths open. This is a reference to a scene in the film The Producers from 1968.[7] When Homer knocks over Ned Flanders in order to take over his job as town crier, it is a reference to the film National Lampoon's Animal House from 1978.[8] Lisa's decision to hide the truth to preserve the myth of Jebediah Springfield is a reference to the film The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. In addition to these cultural references, at least one author has compared this episode to Friedrich Nietzsche's short work On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life.[9]

Embiggen and cromulent

The episode features two neologisms: embiggen and cromulent.[3] The showrunners asked the writers if they could come up with two words which sounded like real words, and these were what they came up with.[5] The Springfield town motto is "A noble spirit embiggens the smallest man." Schoolteacher Edna Krabappel comments that she had never heard the word embiggen until she moved to Springfield. Miss Hoover, another teacher, replies, "I don't know why; it’s a perfectly cromulent word." Later in the episode, while talking about Homer's audition for the role of town crier, Principal Skinner states, "He's embiggened that role with his cromulent performance."

Embiggen—in the context in which it is used in the episode—is a verb that was coined independently by Dan Greaney in 1996.[3] The literal meaning is to make something larger,[10] with the morphology (em- + big + -en) being parallel to that of enlarge (en- + large). The verb had in fact previously occurred in an 1884 edition of the British journal Notes and Queries: A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc. by C. A. Ward, in the sentence "but the people magnified them, to make great or embiggen, if we may invent an English parallel as ugly. After all, use is nearly everything."[11] The word has made its way to common use and was included in Mark Peters' Yada, Yada, Do'h!, 111 Television Words That Made the Leap From the Screen to Society.[12] In 2018, it was included in the Merriam-Webster dictionary[13] and the online Oxford English Dictionary.[14][15] In particular, embiggen can be found in string theory. The first occurrence of the word was in the journal High Energy Physics in the article "Gauge/gravity duality and meta-stable dynamical supersymmetry breaking", which was published on January 23, 2007.[16] For example, the article says: "For large P, the three-form fluxes are dilute, and the gradient of the Myers potential encouraging an anti-D3 to embiggen is very mild." Later this usage was noted in the journal Nature, which explained that in this context, it means to grow or expand.[17]

Cromulent is an adjective that was coined by David X. Cohen.[3] Since it was coined, it has appeared in Dictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon.[18] The meaning of cromulent is inferred only from its usage, which indicates that it is a positive attribute. Dictionary.com defines it as meaning fine or acceptable.[18] Ben Macintyre has written that it means "valid or acceptable".[19]

Reception

In its original broadcast, "Lisa the Iconoclast" finished 70th in the ratings for the week of February 12 to 18, 1996.[20] The episode was the sixth highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, following The X-Files, Melrose Place, Beverly Hills, 90210, Married... with Children, and Fox Tuesday Night Movie: Cliffhanger.[20]

The episode received extremely positive reviews from television critics.

DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson lauded it for the focus on Lisa, commenting that "Lisa-centered episodes tend to be preachy, but I suppose that’s inevitable given her character. I like the fact Lisa takes the high road here, though, as she proves she doesn’t always have to be right. Homer’s turn as the town crier brings mirth to a solid show."[21]

In addition, John Alberti praised the episode in his book Leaving Springfield as "an especially cromulent example of the narrative fissuring and disruptive disclosure...Lisa spends the entire episode uncovering the truth about Jebediah and courageously defending her findings against a phalanx of authority figures...a symbol of honesty, integrity, and courage. All in all, a spectacular episode revealing the truth behind our society."[22]

The authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, thought it was a "clever" episode, and highlighted Lisa's fantasy of the fight between Springfeld and George Washington as "fantastic".[1] Dave Foster of DVD Times thought Sutherland offered a "memorable" guest appearance.[23]

Total Film's Nathan Ditum ranked Sutherland's performance as the 14th best guest appearance in the show's history.[24] Michael Moran of The Times ranked the episode as the eighth best in the show's history.[25]

Martin Belam of The Guardian named it one of the five greatest episodes in Simpsons history.[26]

Merchandise

The episode was included on April 28, 1997 on the VHS set The Dark Secrets of the Simpsons, alongside "The Springfield Files", "Homer the Great", and "Homer Badman".[27] On September 8, 2003, the VHS tape was released on DVD under the name The Simpsons: Dark Secrets in Region 2 and Region 4, but "Homer the Great" was replaced by "Homer to the Max".[28] It was released again on DVD on December 13, 2005 as part of The Simpsons Complete Seventh Season. Bill Oakley, Josh Weinstein, Jonathan Collier, Yeardley Smith, Mike B. Anderson, and David Silverman participated in the DVD's audio commentary.[29]

gollark: Wow, Python is extremely stupid.
gollark: `int`
gollark: That gets OCRed poolr.y
gollark: ↑ lyricly now
gollark: To what?

References
  1. Martyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian (2000). "Lisa the Iconoclast". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
  2. "Notes and Queries: A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc, Volume 10". 1884. p. 135.
  3. Oakley, Bill (2005). The Simpsons season 7 DVD commentary for the episode "Lisa the Iconoclast" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
  4. "President Zachary Taylor and the Laboratory: Presidential Visit from the Grave". Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Archived from the original on July 10, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
  5. Collier, Jonathan (2005). The Simpsons season 7 DVD commentary for the episode "Lisa the Iconoclast" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
  6. Silverman, David (2005). The Simpsons season 7 DVD commentary for the episode "Lisa the Iconoclast" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
  7. Anderson, Mike B. (2005). The Simpsons season 7 DVD commentary for the episode "Lisa the Iconoclast" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
  8. Weinstein, Josh (2005). The Simpsons season 7 DVD commentary for the episode "Lisa the Iconoclast" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
  9. Boven, David (November 2003), "Nietzsche, The Simpsons, and History", The SNUH Journal 1 (1).
  10. Linn, Virginia (October 22, 2008). "TV shows have had defining moments on English language". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. C–5.
  11. Ward, C. A. (1884). Notes and Queries: A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc. Oxford University Press. p. 135.
  12. Peters, Mark (2008). Yada, Yada, Doh!: 111 Television Words That Made the Leap from the Screen to Society. Marion Street Press, Inc. ISBN 978-1-933338-31-6.
  13. "Simpsons word added to dictionary". BBC News. March 6, 2018.
  14. "Online English Oxford Dictionary". Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  15. "New words list June 2018". Oxford English Dictionary. June 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
  16. Argurio, Riccardo; Matteo Bertolini; Sebastián Franco; Shamit Kachru (January 2007). "Gauge/gravity duality and meta-stable dynamical supersymmetry breaking". Jhep0701:083,2007. 2007 (1): 24 and 26. arXiv:hep-th/0610212. Bibcode:2007JHEP...01..083A. doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2007/01/083.
  17. "Sidelines". Nature. 448 (7154): 632. August 8, 2007. Bibcode:2007Natur.448Q.632.. doi:10.1038/448632a.
  18. "cromulent definition". Reference.com. Dictionary.com, LLC. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
  19. Macintyre, Ben (August 11, 2007). "Last word: Any word that embiggens the vocabulary is cromulent with me". The Times. London.
  20. "Nielsen ratings". The Tampa Tribune. February 23, 1996. p. 4.
  21. Jacobson, Colin. "The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season". Retrieved April 8, 2009.
  22. Alberti, John (2003). Leaving Springfield: the Simpsons and the possibility of oppositional culture. Wayne State University Press. pp. 187–189. ISBN 9780814328491.
  23. Foster, Dave (February 25, 2006). "The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season". DVD Times. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
  24. Ditum, Nathan (March 29, 2009). "The 20 Best Simpsons Movie-Star Guest Spots". Total Film. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
  25. Moran, Michael (January 14, 2010). "The 10 best Simpsons episodes ever". The Times. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
  26. Belam, Martin (November 28, 2019). "The Simpsons: the five greatest episodes in the iconic show's history". The Guardian. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
  27. "The Simpsons — The Dark Secrets Of". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
  28. "The Simpsons: Dark Secrets". Amazon.co.uk. September 8, 2003. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
  29. The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season. 1995–1996. DVD. 20th Century Fox, 2005.

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