Lineage (genetic)

A genetic lineage also known as genetic pedigree is a series of mutations which connect an ancestral genetic type (allele, haplotype, or haplogroup) to derivative type.[1] In cases where the genetic tree is very bushy the order of mutations in the lineage is mostly known, examples are the order of mutations between E1b1b and E1b1b1a1a for the human Y-chromosomesal L0 or L1 nodes.[2]

A genetic lineage can be contrasted with an evolutionary lineage in that a genetic lineage applies to a locus. An example of the difference is that an ancient African ape evolved into the gorilla-chimpanzee-human ancestor, which further evolved into the chimpanzee-human ancestor and then to humans. While most human lineages coalesce with chimpanzee lineages, which then converge with gorilla lineages, a few human lineages coalesce with gorilla lineages and then converge with chimpanzee lineages (or chimpanzee lineages that coalesce with gorilla lineages and then converge with human lineages). This occurs because speciation splits evolutionary lineages in non-discrete events that involve 10s to 10000s of individuals in each developing taxon. This allows multiple deeply rooted lineages to be passed on for millions of years (See 2N-rule; 2 * 20 year/generations * 10,000 inds * ploidy), over two or more speciation events. Such lineages may randomly undergo fixation at any time.

Basal lineage

In genetics a basal lineage is a genetic lineage that connects a variant allele (type) possessed by a more common ancestor that evolves into two descendant variants possessed by a branch ancestor. An example of a basal lineage is the lineage between mitochondrial 'Eve' and L0 or L1. Basal lineages may have types that are no longer represented in the extant population, only being defined by derivative types such as CRS for L1.

Peripheral lineage

Peripheral lineage (also surface lineage) are lineages in which interconnect an extant type to a branch ancestor.

gollark: and then do magic and it's all fine
gollark: That doesn't actually help with *arranging them onscreen*.
gollark: No.
gollark: Also, Python libraries generally seem to be imperative stuff with a thin OOP veneer which makes it slightly more irritating to use.
gollark: ```Internet Protocols and Support webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller cgi — Common Gateway Interface support cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation urllib — URL handling modules urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt http — HTTP modules http.client — HTTP protocol client ftplib — FTP protocol client poplib — POP3 protocol client imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client nntplib — NNTP protocol client smtplib — SMTP protocol client smtpd — SMTP Server telnetlib — Telnet client uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122 socketserver — A framework for network servers http.server — HTTP servers http.cookies — HTTP state management http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients xmlrpc — XMLRPC server and client modules xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library```Why is there, *specifically*, **in the standard library**, a traceback manager for CGI scripts?

References
  1. "The Genographic Project - Human Migration, Population Genetics, Maps, DNA - National Geographic".
  2. Gonder, MK; Mortensen, HM; Reed, FA; de Sousa, A; Tishkoff, SA (December 2007), "Whole-mtDNA genome sequence analysis of ancient African lineages", Mol. Biol. Evol., 24 (3): 757–68, doi:10.1093/molbev/msl209, PMID 17194802
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