Le chemin de fer (Alkan)

Le chemin de fer (French for "the railway" or "the railroad"), Op. 27, is a programmatic étude for piano composed by Charles-Valentin Alkan in 1844,[1] frequently cited as the first musical representation of a railway.[2][3] It is a perpetuum mobile composition at an extremely fast tempo, in D minor,[3] and performance at tempo lasts approximately five minutes.[4]

Le chemin de fer is characterized by rapidly repeating bass notes, difficult to play and exacerbated by the extreme tempo.

Composition
The "happy passengers" melody is not as thick as the main "locomotion" gauntlet.

The composition is marked vivacissimamente (extremely brisk, from vivace),[5] 112 half notes per minute. The first theme is sixteenth notes accompanied by a repetitive ostinato bass in eighth notes, illustrating the fleeting steam locomotive.[3] The second is a more lightweight melody that appears first in the submediant major, B-flat major, then in C major, still comprising just sixteenth notes, which depicts the happy journey of the passengers.[6] The only respite from the torrent comes at the coda, in which the note durations lengthen and the piece comes to a close, portraying the train pulling into a station.[4] The piece's length, in printing (506 measures), not performance (5 minutes), is humorously referred to as describing a very long trip.[7]

Reception
The musical climax, extremely intense and involved, is still played at the same astronomical speed.

The most recurrent criticism of the étude disparages its banal programmatic nature,[3] and it has been rated very poorly compared with Alkan's other compositions.[8] One writer dismisses it as "amusing", without technical innovations.[9] Although Alkan demanded strict adherence to the metronome, one analysis of the extreme tempo showed that it is nearly impossible to play at the correct speed, and that at that speed the notes become impossible to distinguish.[6] One published edition agrees with this statement, suggesting that Alkan's metronomic indications do not need to be taken too literally,[7] and most analyses agree, one proposing that there is a printing error and it should be played half as fast (112 quarter notes per minute).[10] The piece's historical accuracy has also been questioned, given that it was composed in 1844, a period in railway history when trains seldom travelled faster than 19 mph (30 km/h).[6] Despite these denigrations, its joyful melody has been celebrated as a forerunner to Arthur Honegger's famous orchestral work, Pacific 231, which also represents a locomotive.[10]

Recordings
gollark: All it has to do is contain many SHA256 accelerators, as well as a PRNG and probably USB controller of some kind.
gollark: No it's not. It would just be bad.
gollark: > All open source chip designs qualify, no further strings attached!Obviously we need to somehow convince a hardware designer to design us Krist ASICs.
gollark: Obviously we need to "borrow" some capacity from a silicon fab somewhere somehow and make Krist ASICs.
gollark: I mean, maybe you could actually, but that would only work for cases when it *exactly* matches some input and it might be slow.

References
  1. Brisson, Eric (2008). "Alkan - Le chemin de fer, étude, op.27". Pianopedia. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
  2. Hitching, George (2006-08-24). "Charles-Valentin Alkan (1813-1888)". George Hitching personal page. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
  3. Murray, Christopher J. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850. London: Taylor and Francis. p. 12. ISBN 1-5795-8422-5.
  4. Delaborde, Élie-Miriam (2000). Le Chemin de Fer, Op. 27 (score). London: Ludwig Masters Publications.
  5. Cole, Richard (2007). "Vivacissimamente". Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
  6. Weller, Wolfgang (1996). "The Piano Music of Charles-Valentin Alkan". Weller Music (in German). Retrieved 2008-01-11.
  7. Beck, Charles (1969). Œuvres choisies pour piano (in French). Paris: Huegel et Cie. pp. iv, v.
  8. Fernandez, Claude (2006-01-01). "Opinion of the Works". critique musicale (in French). Archived from the original on 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
  9. Bellamann, H. "The Piano Works of C.V. Alkan" (PDF). The Musical Quarterly. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
  10. Eddie, William A. (2007). Charles Valentin Alkan: His Life And His Music. France: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 1-8401-4260-X.
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