Laurence Sterne

Laurence Sterne (24 November 1713 – 18 March 1768) was an Anglo-Irish novelist and an Anglican clergyman. He wrote the novels The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman and A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy, and also published many sermons, wrote memoirs, and was involved in local politics. Sterne died in London after years of fighting tuberculosis.

Laurence Sterne
Portrait, 1760
Born(1713-11-24)24 November 1713
Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland
Died18 March 1768(1768-03-18) (aged 54)
London, England
OccupationNovelist, clergyman
NationalityAnglo-Irish
Alma materJesus College, Cambridge
Notable worksThe Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman
A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy
A Political Romance
SpouseElizabeth Lumley

Sterne grew up in a military family and spent his youth travelling from place to place, never remaining in any location for over a year. Sterne's wealthy uncle provided the funds for Sterne to attend Hipperholme Grammar School as Sterne's father was ordered to Jamaica where he would die of malaria a few years later. Sterne attended Jesus College on a sizarship where he earned a bachelor's degree and a master's degree. While he was serving a vicarship at Sutton-on-the-Forest in Yorkshire, he married Elizabeth Lumley in 1741.

Sterne's A Political Romance, an ecclesiastical satire, received harsh criticism by the church and was burnt. Having discovered a talent for writing, Sterne published the first few volumes of his best-known novel, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentlemen. Sterne struggled with tuberculosis and travelled to France to find relief from his illness. His travels in France were documented in A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy, which was published a few weeks before his death. Published posthumously was Journal to Eliza, a collection of his letters to Eliza Draper, a woman for whom Sterne had romantic feelings. Sterne died in 1768 and was buried in the churchyard of St George's, Hanover Square. It has been alleged that Sterne's body was stolen after burial and sold to anatomists at Cambridge University. After being recognised, he was reinterred. His alleged skull was found after the churchyard was redeveloped and was transferred to Coxwold churchyard in 1969 by the Laurence Sterne Trust.

Biography

Early life and education
Laurence Sterne by Joseph Nollekens, 1766, National Portrait Gallery, London

Sterne was born in Clonmel, County Tipperary on 24 November 1713.[1] His father, Roger Sterne, was an ensign in a British regiment recently returned from Dunkirk, which was disbanded on the day of Sterne's birth.[2] Within six months the family had returned to Yorkshire.[3] His great-grandfather Richard Sterne had been the Master of the Jesus College, Cambridge as well as the Archbishop of York.[4] Roger Stern was the youngest son of Richard Sterne's youngest son and consequently, Roger Sterne inherited little of Richard Sterne's wealth.[4] Roger Sterne left his family and enlisted in the army at the age of 25; he enlisted uncommissioned, which was unusual for someone from a family of high social position. Despite being promoted to an officer, he was of the lowest commission and lacked financial resources.[5] Roger Sterne married Agnes Hobert, the widow of a military captain.[6]

The first decade of Laurence Sterne's life was spent moving from place to place as his father was reassigned throughout Ireland. During this period Sterne never lived in one place for more than a year.[7] In 1724, Roger took Sterne to his wealthy brother, Richard, so that Laurence could attend Hipperholme Grammar School near Halifax[8]; Laurence never saw his father again as Roger was ordered to Jamaica where he died of malaria in 1731.[9] Laurence was admitted to a sizarship at Jesus College, in July 1733 at the age of 20.[10] He graduated with a degree of Bachelor of Arts in January 1737 and returned in the summer of 1740 to be awarded his Master of Arts degree.[11]

Early career

Sterne was ordained as a deacon on 6 March 1737[12] and as a priest on 20 August 1738.[13] His religion is said to have been the "centrist Anglicanism of his time", known as "latitudinarianism".[14] A few days after his ordination as a priest, Sterne was awarded the vicarship living of Sutton-on-the-Forest in Yorkshire.[15] Sterne married Elizabeth Lumley on 30 March 1741, despite both being ill with consumption.[16] In 1743, he was presented to the neighbouring living of Stillington by Rev. Richard Levett, Prebendary of Stillington, who was patron of the living. Subsequently Sterne did duty both there and at Sutton.[17] He was also a prebendary of York Minster.[18] Sterne's life at this time was closely tied with his uncle, Jaques Sterne, the Archdeacon of Cleveland and Precentor of York Minster. Sterne's uncle was an ardent Whig[19], and urged Sterne to begin a career of political journalism which resulted in some scandal for Sterne and, eventually, a terminal falling-out between the two men.[20]

Jaques Sterne was a powerful clergyman but a mean-tempered man and a rabid politician.[21] In 1741–42 Laurence Sterne wrote political articles supporting the administration of Sir Robert Walpole for a newspaper founded by his uncle but soon withdrew from politics in disgust. His uncle became his arch-enemy, thwarting his advancement whenever possible. Despite the friction with his uncle, Laurence's Whig sympathies remained with him throughout his life.[22] Laurence lived in Sutton for twenty years, during which time he kept up an intimacy which had begun at Cambridge with John Hall-Stevenson, a witty and accomplished bon vivant, owner of Skelton Hall in the Cleveland district of Yorkshire.[23]

Writing
Shandy Hall, Sterne's home in Coxwold, North Yorkshire

In 1759, to support his dean in a church squabble, Sterne wrote A Political Romance (later called The History of a Good Warm Watch-Coat), a Swiftian satire of dignitaries of the spiritual courts. At the demands of embarrassed churchmen, the book was burnt.[24] Thus, Sterne lost his chances for clerical advancement but discovered his real talents; until the completion of this first work, "he hardly knew that he could write at all, much less with humour so as to make his reader laugh".[25]

Having discovered his talent, at the age of 46, he turned over his parishes to a curate, and dedicated himself to writing for the rest of his life. It was while living in the countryside, having failed in his attempts to supplement his income as a farmer and struggling with tuberculosis, that Sterne began work on his best-known novel, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, the first volumes of which were published in 1759. Sterne was at work on his celebrated comic novel during the year that his mother died, his wife was seriously ill, and his daughter was also taken ill with a fever.[26] He wrote as fast as he possibly could, composing the first 18 chapters between January and March 1759.[27] Due to his poor financial position, Sterne was forced to borrow money for the printing of his novel, suggesting that Sterne was confident in the prospective commercial success of his work and that the local critical reception of the novel was favourable enough to justify the loan.[28]

The publication of Tristram Shandy made Sterne famous in London and on the continent. He was delighted by the attention, famously saying "I wrote not [to] be fed but to be famous."[29] He spent part of each year in London, being fêted as new volumes appeared. Even after the publication of volumes three and four of Tristram Shandy, his love of attention (especially as related to financial success) remained undiminished. In one letter, he wrote "One half of the town abuse my book as bitterly, as the other half cry it up to the skies—the best is, they abuse it and buy it, and at such a rate, that we are going on with a second edition, as fast as possible."[30] Indeed, Baron Fauconberg rewarded Sterne by appointing him as the perpetual curate of Coxwold, North Yorkshire in March 1760.[31]

In 1766, at the height of the debate about slavery, the composer and former slave Ignatius Sancho wrote to Sterne[32] encouraging him to use his pen to lobby for the abolition of the slave trade.[33] In July 1766 Sterne received Sancho's letter shortly after he had finished writing a conversation between his fictional characters Corporal Trim and his brother Tom in Tristram Shandy, wherein Tom described the oppression of a black servant in a sausage shop in Lisbon which he had visited.[34] Sterne's widely publicised response to Sancho's letter became an integral part of 18th-century abolitionist literature.[34]

Foreign travel
Further information: Great Britain in the Seven Years' War and France in the Seven Years' War
Sterne painted in watercolour by French artist Louis Carrogis Carmontelle, ca. 1762

Sterne continued to struggle with his illness, and departed England for France in 1762 in an effort to find a climate that would alleviate his suffering. Sterne was lucky to attach himself to a diplomatic party bound for Turin, as England and France were still adversaries in the Seven Years' War. Sterne was gratified by his reception in France, where reports of the genius of Tristram Shandy had made him a celebrity. Aspects of this trip to France were incorporated into Sterne's second novel, A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy.[35]

Eliza

Early in 1767, Sterne met Eliza Draper, the wife of an official of the East India Company, then staying on her own in London.[36] He was quickly captivated by Eliza’s charm, vivacity, and intelligence, and she did little to discourage the attentions of such a celebrated man.[37][38] They met frequently, exchanged miniature portraits, and Sterne’s admiration seems to have turned into an obsession which he took no trouble to conceal. To his great distress, Eliza had to return to India three months after their first meeting, and he died from consumption a year later without seeing her again. At the beginning of 1768, Sterne brought out his Sentimental Journey which contains some extravagant references to her, and the relationship, though platonic, aroused considerable interest. He also wrote his Journal to Eliza part of which he sent to her, and the rest of which came to light when it was presented to the British Museum in 1894. After Sterne’s death, Eliza allowed ten of his letters to be published under the title Letters from Yorick to Eliza and succeeded in suppressing her letters to him, though some blatant forgeries were produced, probably by William Combe, in a volume entitled Eliza's Letters to Yorick.[39]

Death

Less than a month after Sentimental Journey was published, early in 1768, Sterne died in his lodgings at 41 Old Bond Street on 18 March, at the age of 54.[40] He was buried in the churchyard of St George's, Hanover Square on 22 March.[41] It was widely rumoured that Sterne's body was stolen shortly after it was interred and sold to anatomists at Cambridge University. Circumstantially, it was said that his body was recognised by Charles Collignon, who knew him[42][43] and discreetly reinterred back in St George's, in an unknown plot. A year later a group of Freemasons erected a memorial stone with a rhyming epitaph near to his original burial place. A second stone was erected in 1893, correcting some factual errors on the memorial stone. When the churchyard of St. George's was redeveloped in 1969, amongst 11,500 skulls disinterred, several were identified with drastic cuts from anatomising or a post-mortem examination. One was identified to be of a size that matched a bust of Sterne made by Nollekens.[44][45]

The skull was held up to be his, albeit with "a certain area of doubt".[46] Along with nearby skeletal bones, these remains were transferred to Coxwold churchyard in 1969 by the Laurence Sterne Trust.[47][48][49] The story of the reinterment of Sterne's skull in Coxwold is alluded to in Malcolm Bradbury's novel To the Hermitage.[50]

Works
First editions of Tristram Shandy, part of the collection of the Laurence Sterne Trust at Shandy Hall

The works of Laurence Sterne are few in comparison to other eighteenth-century authors of comparable stature.[51] Sterne's early works were letters; he had two sermons published (in 1747 and 1750), and tried his hand at satire.[52] He was involved in, and wrote about, local politics in 1742.[52] His major publication prior to Tristram Shandy was the satire A Political Romance (1759), aimed at conflicts of interest within York Minster.[52] A posthumously published piece on the art of preaching, A Fragment in the Manner of Rabelais, appears to have been written in 1759.[53] Rabelais was by far Sterne's favourite author, and in his correspondence he made clear that he considered himself as Rabelais' successor in humour writing, distancing himself from Jonathan Swift.[54][55] Sterne's novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman sold widely in England and throughout Europe.[56] Translations of the work began to appear in all the major European languages almost upon its publication, and Sterne influenced European writers as diverse as Denis Diderot[57] and the German Romanticists.[58] His work had also noticeable influence over Brazilian author Machado de Assis, who made use of the digressive technique in the novel The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas.[59]

English writer and literary critic Samuel Johnson's verdict in 1776 was that "Nothing odd will do long. Tristram Shandy did not last."[60] This is strikingly different from the views of European critics of the day, who praised Sterne and Tristram Shandy as innovative and superior. Voltaire called it "clearly superior to Rabelais", and later Goethe praised Sterne as "the most beautiful spirit that ever lived".[52] Swedish translator Johan Rundahl described Sterne as an arch-sentimentalist.[61] The title page to volume one includes a short Greek epigraph, which in English reads: "Not things, but opinions about things, trouble men."[62] Before the novel properly begins, Sterne also offers a dedication to Lord William Pitt.[63] He urges Pitt to retreat with the book from the cares of statecraft.[64]

The novel itself starts with the narration, by Tristram, of his own conception. It proceeds mostly by what Sterne calls "progressive digressions" so that we do not reach Tristram's birth before the third volume.[65][66] The novel is rich in characters and humour, and the influences of Rabelais and Miguel de Cervantes are present throughout. The novel ends after 9 volumes, published over a decade, but without anything that might be considered a traditional conclusion. Sterne inserts sermons, essays and legal documents into the pages of his novel; and he explores the limits of typography and print design by including marbled pages and an entirely black page within the narrative.[52] Many of the innovations that Sterne introduced, adaptations in form that were an exploration of what constitutes the novel, were highly influential to Modernist writers like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, and more contemporary writers such as Thomas Pynchon and David Foster Wallace.[67] Italo Calvino referred to Tristram Shandy as the "undoubted progenitor of all avant-garde novels of our century".[67] The Russian Formalist writer Viktor Shklovsky regarded Tristram Shandy as the archetypal, quintessential novel," the most typical novel of world literature."[68]

However, the leading critical opinions of Tristram Shandy tend to be markedly polarised in their evaluations of its significance. Since the 1950s, following the lead of D. W. Jefferson, there are those who argue that, whatever its legacy of influence may be, Tristram Shandy in its original context actually represents a resurgence of a much older, Renaissance tradition of "Learned Wit"—owing a debt to such influences as the Scriblerian approach.[69] A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy has many stylistic parallels with Tristram Shandy, and indeed, the narrator is one of the minor characters from the earlier novel.[70] Although the story is more straightforward, A Sentimental Journey is interpreted by critics as part of the same artistic project to which Tristram Shandy belongs.[71] Two volumes of Sterne's Sermons were published during his lifetime; more copies of his Sermons were sold in his lifetime than copies of Tristram Shandy.[72] The sermons, however, are conventional in substance.[73] Several volumes of letters were published after his death, as was Journal to Eliza.[74] These collections of letters, more sentimental than humourous, tell of Sterne's relationship with Eliza Draper.[75]

Publications
  • 1743 "The Unknown World: Verses Occasioned by Hearing a Pass-Bell"
  • 1747 "The Case of Elijah and the Widow of Zerephath"
  • 1750 "The Abuses of Conscience"
  • 1759 A Political Romance
  • 1759 Tristram Shandy vol. 1 and 2
  • 1760 The Sermons of Mr Yorick vol. 1 and 2
  • 1761 Tristram Shandy vol. 3–6
  • 1765 Tristram Shandy vol. 7 and 8
  • 1766 The Sermons of Mr Yorick vol. 3 and 4
  • 1767 Tristram Shandy vol. 9
  • 1768 A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy
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See also

Citations
  1. Keymer 2009, p. xii.
  2. Ross 2001, pp. 20-21.
  3. Ross 2001, p. 21.
  4. Ross 2001, pp. 22–23.
  5. Ross 2001, pp. 23–24.
  6. Ross 2001, p. 24.
  7. Ross 2001, pp. 21–22.
  8. Ross 2001, p. 33.
  9. Ross 2001, pp. 29–30.
  10. Ross 2001, pp. 36–37.
  11. Ross 2001, pp. 43–44.
  12. "Laurence Sterne's holy orders". British Library. British Library. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  13. Sichel 1971, p. 27.
  14. "Laurence Sterne". www.oxforddnb.com. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  15. Ross 2001, pp. 48–49.
  16. Ross 2001, pp. 58–60.
  17. Cross 1909, p. 54.
  18. Cross 1909, p. 37.
  19. Ross 2001, pp. 45–47.
  20. Ross 2001, pp. 64–70, 168–174.
  21. Venn & Venn 1927, p. 159.
  22. Keymer 2009, p. 16.
  23. Ross 2001, pp. 41–42; Vapereau 1876, p. 1915
  24. Ross 2001, pp. 190–196.
  25. Howes 1971, p. 60.
  26. "Cross (1908), chap. 8, The Publication of Tristram Shandy: Volumes I and II, p.197
  27. Cross (1908), chap. 8, The Publication of Tristram Shandy: Volumes I and II, p.178
  28. Ross 2001, p. 213.
  29. Fanning, Christopher. "Sterne and print culture". The Cambridge Companion to Laurence Sterne: 125–141.
  30. The Letters of Laurence Sterne: Part One, 1739–1764. University Press of Florida. 2009. pp. 129–130. ISBN 978-0813032368.
  31. Howes 1971, p. 55.
  32. Carey, Brycchan (March 2003). "The extraordinary Negro': Ignatius Sancho, Joseph Jekyll, and the Problem of Biography" (PDF). Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies. 26 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1754-0208.2003.tb00257.x. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  33. Phillips, Caryl (December 1996). "Director's Forward". Ignatius Sancho: an African Man of Letters. London: National Portrait Gallery. p. 12.
  34. "Ignatius Sancho and Laurence Sterne" (PDF). Norton.
  35. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1985. pp. 256–257. ISBN 0852294239.
  36. Ross 2001, p. 360.
  37. Ross 2001, p. 361
  38. Sterne, Laurence. "The Project Gutenberg EBook of the Journal to Eliza and Various letters". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  39. Sclater, William Lutley (1922). Sterne's Eliza; some account of her life in India: with her letters written between 1757 and 1774. London: W. Heinemann. pp. 45–58.
  40. Ross 2001, p. 415.
  41. Ross 2001, p. 419.
  42. Arnold, Catherine (2008). Necropolis: London and Its Dead. p. contents. ISBN 978-1847394934. Retrieved 11 November 2014 – via Google Books.
  43. Ross 2001, pp. 419-420
  44. "Is this the skull of Sterne?". The Times. 5 June 1969.
  45. Loftis, Kellar & Ulevich 2018, pp. 220, 227
  46. Loftis, Kellar & Ulevich 2018, p. 220.
  47. Green, Carole (13 March 2009). "Laurence Sterne". BBC. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  48. "Laurence Sterne and the Laurence Sterne Trust". The Laurence Sterne Trust. Laurence Sterne Trust. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  49. Alas, Poor Yorick, Letters, The Times, 16 June 1969, Kenneth Monkman, Laurence Sterne Trust. "If we have reburied the wrong one, nobody, I feel beyond reasonable doubt, would enjoy the situation more than Sterne"
  50. Suciu, Andreia Irina (2009). "The Sense of History in Malcolm Bradbury's Work". Economy Transdisciplinarity Cognition (2): 152–160. ProQuest 757935757.
  51. New 1972, p. 1083.
  52. Washington 2017, p. 333.
  53. New 1972, pp. 1083-1091.
  54. Brown, Huntington (1967) Rabelais in English literature pp.190–1
  55. Cross (1908), chap. 8, The Publication of Tristram Shandy: Volumes I and II, p.179
  56. Cash 1975, p. 296.
  57. Cash 1975, p. 139.
  58. Large 2017, p. 294.
  59. Barbosa 1992, p. 28.
  60. James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson…, ed. Malone, vol. II (London: 1824) p. 422.
  61. de Voogd & Neubauer 2004, p. 118.
  62. Pierce & de Voogd 1996, p. 15.
  63. King 1995, p. 293.
  64. Havard 2014, p. 586.
  65. Descargues-Grant 2006
  66. Graham, Thomas (17 June 2019). "The best comic novel ever written?". BBC. BBC. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  67. Washington 2017, p. 334.
  68. Gratchev & Mancing 2019, p. 139.
  69. Jefferson 1951; Keymer 2002, pp. 4-11
  70. Viviès 1994, pp. 246-247.
  71. Line, Anne. "Two Englishmen in France: A Comparison of Laurence Sterne's Book 7 of "Tristram Shandy" and "A Sentimental Journey"". University of Oslo Research Archive. University of Oslo. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  72. Ross 2001, p. 245.
  73. Pfister 2001, p. 26.
  74. Keymer 2009, p. xv.
  75. Pfister 2001, p. 15.

References

Further reading
  • René Bosch, Labyrinth of Digressions: Tristram Shandy as Perceived and Influenced by Sterne's Early Imitators (Amsterdam, 2007)
  • W. M. Thackeray, in English Humourists of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1853; new edition, New York, 1911)
  • Percy Fitzgerald, Life of Laurence Sterne (London, 1864; second edition, London, 1896)
  • Paul Stapfer, Laurence Sterne, sa personne et ses ouvrages (second edition, Paris, 1882)
  • H. D. Traill, Laurence Sterne, "English Men of Letters", (London, 1882)
  • H. D. Traill. "Sterne". Harper & Brothers Publishers. Retrieved 22 March 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  • Texte, Rousseau et le cosmopolitisme littôraire au XVIIIème siècle (Paris, 1895)
  • H. W. Thayer, Laurence Sterne in Germany (New York, 1905)
  • P. E. More, Shelburne Essays (third series, New York, 1905)
  • L. S. Benjamin, Life and Letters (two volumes, 1912)
  • Rousseau, George S. (2004). Nervous Acts: Essays on Literature, Culture and Sensibility. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-3454-1
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