Landmark Worldwide

Landmark Worldwide (formerly Landmark Education), or simply Landmark, is a company offering personal development programs, headquartered in San Francisco.

Not to be confused with Landmark School or Landmark College.
Landmark Worldwide LLC
FormationJanuary 16, 1991 (1991-01-16)
TypePrivate LLC
PurposePersonal development
Location
ProductsThe Landmark Forum, associated coursework
Key people
Harry Rosenberg: director, CEO;[1] Mick Leavitt
Subsidiaries
  • The Vanto Group
  • Tekniko Licensing Corporation
Revenue
US$77 million (2009)[2]
Employees
525+ employees[2]
Websitelandmarkworldwide.com
RemarksCalifornia corporation

The current company started with the licensing of rights to use intellectual property owned by Werner Erhard, author of the est (Erhard Seminars Training). Landmark has developed and delivered multiple follow-up and additional programs. Its subsidiary, the Vanto Group, also markets and delivers training and consulting to organizations.

History

Landmark was founded in January 1991 by several of the presenters of a training program known as "the Forum".[3] Landmark licensed the intellectual property rights to the Forum from Werner Erhard and Associates. The new company offered similar courses and employed many of the same staff.[4][5] The Forum was updated and reduced in length from four days to three, and this revised course was named "the Landmark Forum", which has been further updated over the years. It has since developed around 55 additional training courses and seminar programs which it delivers in 23 countries around the world.

According to Landmark, Werner Erhard (creator of the est training which ran from 1971 to 1984, when it was superseded by the Forum) consults from time to time with its research and design team.[6]

The business traded as Landmark Education Corporation from May 1991.[7] In June 2003 it was re-structured as Landmark Education LLC, and in July 2013 it was renamed Landmark Worldwide LLC.[8]

Landmark has stated it never paid royalties to Erhard under the licensing agreement[9] and that it purchased outright the intellectual property in the Forum and other courses by 2002.[10]

Current operations

As of 2013, Landmark Worldwide's core business operation is the delivery of seminars and training courses which aim to offer improvements in personal productivity, vitality, communication skills, and decision-making.[11] Some of these are intensive two- or three-day courses. Landmark structures others as weekly three-hour seminars over a three-month period. The organization also advertises six- and twelve-month training programs in topics such as leadership, teamwork, and public speaking. Some of the courses require participants to start a community project, and those courses are structured to support them in the design and implementation of such projects.[12][13][14]

Landmark Worldwide operates as an employee-owned for-profit private company. According to Landmark's website, its employees own all the stock of the corporation, with no individual holding more than 3%. The company states that it invests its surpluses into making its programs, initiatives, and services more widely available.[15]

The company has reported as of 2019 that more than 2.4 million people had participated in its programs since 1991.[16] Landmark holds seminars in approximately 115 locations in more than 21 countries.[17][18] Landmark's revenue surpassed $100 million in 2018.[19]

Business consulting

Vanto Group, Inc., founded in 1993 as Landmark Education Business Development (LEBD), a wholly owned subsidiary, uses the Landmark methodology to provide consulting services to businesses and to other organizations. The University of Southern California (USC) Marshall School of Business carried out a case study in 1998 into the work of LEBD with BHP New Zealand Steel. The report concluded that the set of interventions in the organization produced a 50% improvement in safety, a 15% to 20% reduction in key benchmark costs, a 50% increase in return on capital, and a 20% increase in raw steel production.[20] LEBD became the Vanto Group in 2008.[21]

Landmark Forum

Landmark's entry course, the Landmark Forum, is the default first course for new participants and provides the foundation of all Landmark's other programs. The Landmark Forum takes place over three consecutive days plus an evening session (generally Friday, Saturday, Sunday, and Tuesday evening.)[22] Forum attendance varies in size between 75 and 250 people.[23] Landmark arranges the course as a dialogue in which the Forum leader presents a series of proposals and encourages participants to take the floor to relate how those ideas apply to their own individual lives.[24] Course leaders set up rules at the beginning of the program and Landmark strongly encourages participants not to miss any part of the program.[25] Attendees are also urged to be "coachable" and not just be observers during the course.[25][26]

Various ideas are proposed for consideration and explored during the course. These include:

  • There can be a big difference between what actually happened in a person's life and the meaning or interpretation they make up about it.[24]
  • Human behavior is governed by a perceived need to look good.[25]
  • People often pursue an "imaginary 'someday' of satisfaction".[23]
  • People create meaning for themselves since "there is none inherent in the world".[23]
  • When people have persistent complaints that are accompanied by unproductive fixed ways of being and acting,[27] this can be "transformed" by a creative act of generating entirely new ways of being and acting, rather than by trying to change one's self in comparison to the past.[23]

During the course, participants are encouraged to call friends and family members with whom they feel they have unresolved tensions,[25] and to take responsibility for their own behavior.[28]

The evening session follows closely on the three consecutive days of the course and completes the Landmark Forum. During this final session, the participants share information about their results and bring guests to learn about the Forum.[27]

Companies such as Panda Express, and previously Lululemon Athletica, pay for and encourage employees to take part in the Landmark Forum.[29][30][31]

Concepts

Landmark emphasizes the idea that there is a difference between the facts of what happened in a situation, and the meaning, interpretation, or story about those facts. It proposes that people frequently confuse those facts with their own story about them, and, as a consequence, are less effective or experience suffering in their lives.

Meaning is something that human beings invent in language, Landmark suggests – it's not inherent in events themselves. Therefore, if people change what they say, they can alter the meaning they associate with events and be more effective in dealing with them.[32]

Landmark suggests that as people see these invented meanings, they discover that much of what they had assumed to be their "identity" is actually just a limiting social construct that they had made up in conversations in response to events in the past. From this realization, participants in Landmark's programs create new perspectives for what they now see as possible. They are then trained in sharing these with family members, friends, and workmates, so that the new possibilities live in the social realm, rather than just in their own minds. In other words, Landmark suggests that the more one's social environment supports one's goals, the easier it will be to accomplish those goals.[32][33] When Landmark uses the term "new possibilities", it does so differently from the everyday sense of something that might happen in the future, instead using it to refer to a present-moment opportunity to be and act differently, free from interpretations from the past.[33]

Influence and impact

The ideas found in Landmark's programs, as well as those of Landmark's predecessor est, are identified by some writers as being among the most influential in the development of the modern coaching industry.[34][35]

After completing a Landmark program, Gavin Larkin started RUOK? Day, an Australian national day of awareness about depression and suicide-prevention.[36][37]

Landmark's Self-Expression and Leadership Program (SELP) requires participants to undertake a community project; such undertakings have become nationally recognized.[38]

Organizations including Nasa, Apple, Microsoft, GlaxoSmithKline, Reebok, and Panda Express have employees who have participated in Landmark's programs.[39]

Public reception and criticism

Academics' views

Some scholars have categorized Landmark or its predecessor organizations as a "self religion" or a (broadly defined) "new religious movement".[40][41] Others, such as George Chryssides, question this characterization.[42][43][44] Landmark makes clear its own position: that it is purely an educational foundation and is not a religious movement of any kind.[45] Landmark has threatened or pursued lawsuits against people who call it a cult.[46]

Reporters' opinions

In his review of the Landmark Forum, New York Times reporter Henry Alford wrote that he "resented the pressure" placed on him during a session, but also noted that "two months after the Forum, I'd rate my success at 84 percent."[47] Time reporter Nathan Thornburgh, in his review of The Landmark Forum, said "At its heart, the course was a withering series of scripted reality checks meant to show us how we have created nearly everything we see as a problem" and "I benefited tremendously from the uncomfortable mirror the course had put in front of me."[48]

Nikki Walsh, writing in the Irish Mail on Sunday says the effects of the Landmark Forum "...can be startling. People find themselves reconciled with parents, exes and friends. They have conversations they have wanted to have with their families for years; they meet people or get promoted in work."[49] Amber Allison, writing in The Mayfair Magazine describes Landmark's instructors as "enthusiastic and inspiring". Her review says that after doing The Landmark Forum, "Work worries, relationship dramas all seem more manageable", and that she "let go of almost three decades of hurt, anger and feelings of betrayal" towards her father.[50]

Journalist Amelia Hill with The Observer witnessed a Landmark Forum and concluded that, in her view, it is not religious or a cult. Hill wrote, "It is ... simple common sense delivered in an environment of startling intensity."[51] Karin Badt from The Huffington Post criticized the organisation's emphasis on "'spreading the word' of the Landmark forum as a sign of the participants' 'integrity'" in recounting her personal experience of an introductory "Landmark Forum" course, but noted, "at the end of the day, I found the Forum innocuous. No cult, no radical religion: an inspiring, entertaining introduction of good solid techniques of self-reflection, with an appropriate emphasis on action and transformation (not change)".[23]

France 3 documentary

In 2004, the French channel France 3 aired a television documentary on Landmark in their investigative series Pièces à Conviction. The episode, called "Voyage Au Pays des Nouveaux Gourous" ("Journey to the land of the new gurus") was highly critical of its subject.[52] Shot in large part with a hidden camera, it showed attendance at a Landmark course and a visit to Landmark offices.[53] In addition, the program included interviews with former course participants, anti-cultists, and commentators. Landmark left France following the airing of the episode and a subsequent site visit by labor inspectors that noted the activities of volunteers,[54] and sued Jean-Pierre Brard in 2004 following his appearance in the documentary.[55]

The episode was uploaded to a variety of websites, and in October 2006 Landmark issued subpoenas pursuant to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act to Google Video, YouTube, and the Internet Archive demanding details of the identity of the person(s) who had uploaded those copies. These organizations challenged the subpoenas and the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) became involved, planning to file a motion to quash Landmark's DMCA subpoena to Google Video.[56] Landmark eventually withdrew its subpoenas.[57][58]

See also

Footnotes
  1. Landmark staff 2002a.
  2. Landmark staff 2014b.
  3. Pressman, Steven (1993). Outrageous Betrayal: The dark journey of Werner Erhard from est to exile. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-09296-2, p. 254. (Out of print).
  4. Marshall 1997.
  5. Pressman 1993, pp. 245–246, 254–255.
  6. Faltermayer, Charlotte; Richard Woodbury (March 16, 1998). The Best of Est?. Time. Retrieved on October 22, 2008.
  7. "Landmark Company History - Landmark Worldwide". www.landmarkworldwide.com.
  8. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-04-28. Retrieved 2015-07-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. Landmark (Art Schreiber) 2005, pp. 3–4.
  10. Grigoriadis 2001.
  11. Hill, Amelia (2008-03-05). "I thought I'd be brainwashed. But how wrong could I be…". The Guardian. London: www.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
  12. "Helping professionals take up community welfare projects". Chennai, India: Hindu Times. 2010-09-13. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
  13. "Charity walk to boost anti-suicide initiatives". Bay of Plenty Times. 2011-08-20. Retrieved 2011-10-14. Irene has undertaken the charity event as part of her Landmark Education Self Expression and Leadership course.
    "I had to set up a community programme of my choice that would make a difference," Irene said.
  14. "Cherish the mammary: Restaurants raise funds for breast cancer survivors". Philadelphia Daily News. July 31, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2020. This fun idea was the brainchild of local waitress Caralea Arnold, who hopes that the one-day event will raise $5,000. She was inspired by a leadership course she recently took at Landmark Education (www. landmarkeducation. org), an inspirational online forum.
  15. LandmarkWorldwide.com. Landmark Fact Sheet. Retrieved on October 22, 2008.
  16. Heidi Beedle (July 31, 2008). "Landmark Worldwide, the arts community and the big, bizarre business of personal development". Colorado Springs Independent. Retrieved July 8, 2020. If you do the math, 1/1000 of 1 percent of Landmark's purported 2.4 million participants is 24.
  17. Caroline Phillips (1 Mar 2017). "How an American motivational guru is inspiring British businesses". Spear's Magazine. Retrieved 6 Jun 2018.
  18. See:
  19. Heidi Beedle (July 24, 2019). "Landmark Worldwide, the arts community and the big, bizarre business of personal development". Colorado Springs Independent. Retrieved July 8, 2020. Landmark, founded in 1991, has since trained millions worldwide. It's a for-profit company that surpassed $100 million in revenue in 2018 [...].
  20. Logan, David C. (1998). Transforming the Network of Conversations in BHP New Zealand Steel: Landmark Education Business Development's New Paradigm for Organizational Change (Case 1984-01). USC Marshall School of Business.
  21. (February 1, 2008). "Landmark Education Business Development, LEBD, Changes Name to Vanto Group Archived 2009-04-08 at the Wayback Machine". Reuters. Retrieved on October 22, 2008.
  22. https://www.landmarkworldwide.com/the-landmark-forum
  23. Badt & 5 March 2008.
  24. Stassen 2008.
  25. Hill, Amelia (2003-12-14). "Investigation: is the Landmark Forum a cult?". UK News. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2017-08-19.
  26. McCrone & 1 February 2008.
  27. See:
  28. See:
  29. Businessweek & 18 November 2010.
  30. Sacks & 1 April 2009.
  31. Rosman, Katherine (2016-02-02). "Chip Wilson tries to reinvent himself after his Lululemon turmoil". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2019-07-26.
  32. McCrone, John (November 2008). "A Landmark Change". The Press Supplement.
  33. McCarl, Steven R.; Zaffron, Steve; Nielson, Joyce; Kennedy, Sally Lewis (January–April 2001). "The Promise of Philosophy and the Landmark Forum". Contemporary Philosophy. XXIII (1 & 2). doi:10.2139/ssrn.278955. SSRN 278955.
  34. Wildflower, Leni; Brennan, Diane, eds. (2011). "20". The handbook of knowledge-based coaching from theory to practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 9781118033388. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  35. O'Connor, Joseph; Lages, Andrea (1 January 2009). "How Coaching Works: The Essential Guide to the History and Practice of Effective Coaching". London: A&C Black – via Google Books. Werner Erhard's ideas and approach to self-development training were very important at the time. [...] However, although Erhard introduced the word 'coaching' into EST, he was not interested in training coaches. Werner Erhard has been described as the second most important influencer of coaching of all time [...]. Only one person in the coaching world gets more testimonials, and that is Thomas Leonard. [...] Thomas Leonard, who arguably did the most to found the discipline of coaching, was Budget Director for Landmark Education in the United States in the early 1980s and was thoroughtly familiar with their training. However, Landmark worked with groups, and Leonard wanted to work with individuals.
  36. Santow, Simon (15 September 2011). "Inspiring tale from founder". The World Today. ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 22 May 2015. So I went and did a self-improvement course I suppose you'd call it, an education called Landmark and as part of that they had you do a project which was about inspiring yourself and stretching yourself and inspiring others and I chose suicide prevention. [...] And with the help of some key people got it started and kick-started RU OK? Day.
  37. Compare: "RUOK? - Home". Retrieved 2017-06-11. In 1995, much-loved Barry Larkin was far from ok. His suicide left family and friends in deep grief and with endless questions. In 2009, his son Gavin Larkin chose to champion just one question to honour his father and to try and protect other families from the pain his endured. [...] While collaborating with Janina Nearn on a documentary to raise awareness, the team quickly realised the documentary alone wouldn't be enough. [...] To genuinely change behaviour Australia-wide, a national campaign was needed. And from this realisation, and with Gavin and Janina's expertise and passion, R U OK? was born.
  38. Compare: Apoorva Verma (17 Jun 2015). "Amdavadis Realise Their Potential by Making a Difference in The Lives of Others". DNA India. Retrieved 11 Jun 2017. A member of SELP works for several causes like blood donation, women's empowerment, health related issues, education, etc. Initiated by a US-based company, Landmark, it has helped many to gain confidence and develop into a better person.
  39. Compare: Caroline Phillips (1 Mar 2017). "How an American motivational guru is inspiring British businesses". Spear's Magazine. Retrieved 11 Jun 2017. This is an abridged version of an article that appeared in the March/April 2017 issue of Spear's, an award-winning British luxury lifestyle and wealth management magazine founded in 2006. [...] There are people who have created global businesses after doing it. Others who have seen their profits leap after attending a seminar. FTSE 100 companies that swear by its approach. Names like Nasa, Apple, Microsoft and GlaxoSmithKline that have benefited from its methodology. [...] This is Landmark Forum, a self-development course and global educational enterprise dedicated to personal and professional growth, training and development. It marks the return of Werner Erhard, founder of 'est' and Seventies avatar of the human potential movement. In the Eighties, Erhard repackaged est as the (gentler and more success-oriented) Forum. In 1991 he sold it to some of his employees. [...] Many global brands send staff on Landmark's seminars, and others benefit from its teachings through its corporate arm, Vanto Group.
  40. See:
  41. See:
  42. Communication for planetary transformation and the drag of public conversations: The case of Landmark Education Corporation. Patrick Owen Cannon, University of South Florida
  43. See:
    • (Beckford et al., eds. 2007, pp. 229, 687);
    • Chryssides, George D. (2001) [1999]. "The Human Potential Movement". Exploring New Religions. Issues in Contemporary Religion. New York: A&C Black. p. 314. Retrieved March 23, 2017. [...] est and Landmark [...] have addressed human problems in a radical way, setting super-empirical goals, and addressing what some may regard as a spiritual aspect of human nature (the Core Self, the Source, which is at least godlike, if not divine. est and Landmark may have some of the attributes typically associated with religion, but it is doubtful whether they should be accorded full status as religious organizations.;
    • (Bromley 2007, p. 48).
  44. Education Embraced: Substantiating the Educational Foundations of Landmark Education's Transformative Learning Model Marsha L. Heck International Multilingual Journal of Contemporary Research, 3(2), pp. 149-162 DOI: 10.15640/imjcr.v3n2a14
  45. Puttick 2004, pp. 406–407.
  46. Scioscia 2000.
  47. Alford & 26 November 2010, p. L1.
  48. Nathan Thornburgh (10 Apr 2011). "Change We Can (Almost) Believe In". Time Magazine. Retrieved 3 Nov 2015.
  49. "Landmark Forum: One Weekend to fix your LIFE?". Irish Mail on Sunday. 2012-02-18.
  50. Allinson, Amber (April 2014). "Mind Over Matter". The Mayfair Magazine (U.K.).
  51. Amelia Hill (13 Dec 2003). "I thought I'd be brainwashed. But how wrong could I be..." The Observer. Retrieved 3 Nov 2015.
  52. See:
  53. Roy & 24 May 2004.
  54. See:
    • (Lemonniera & 19 May 2005), French text: "L'Inspection du Travail débarque dans les locaux de Landmark, constate l'exploitation des bénévoles et dresse des procès-verbaux pour travail non déclaré." English translation: "Labor inspectors turned up at the offices of Landmark, noted the exploitation of volunteers and drew up a report of undeclared employment.";
    • (Landmark staff 2004), Landmark's response;
    • (Badt & 5 March 2008), quote: It was this TV program that closed down the Landmark in France, leaving it only 24 other countries in which to spread its word.
  55. Palmer 2011.
  56. See:
  57. Landmark Education and the Internet Archive. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 25 May 2020 - "In a settlement reached November 29 2006 Landmark agreed to withdraw the subpoena to Google and end its quest to pierce the anonymity of the video's poster. Landmark has also withdrawn its subpoena to the Internet Archive."
  58. Self-Help Group Backs Off Attack on Internet Critic. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 25 May 2020 - "A controversial self-help group has backed off its attack on an Internet critic after the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) intervened in the case."

References
  • ABC News staff. "Defence workers trained by 'cult'". ABC News. Sydney, NSW: ABC (Australia). Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  • Alford, Henry (26 November 2010). "You're O.K., But I'm Not. Let's Share". New York Times. New York. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  • Anderson, Kurt (2007). "Son of EST: The Terminator of Self-Doubt". In Ross, Lillian (ed.). The Fun of It: Stories from The Talk of the Town; The New Yorker. New York: Vintage Books/Random House. ISBN 0375756493.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Atkin, Douglas (2004). "What Is Required of a Belief System?". The Culting of Brands: Turn Your Customers Into True Believers. New York: Penguin/Portfolio. ISBN 9781591840275.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Badt, Karen (5 March 2008). "Inside The Landmark Forum". Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com.
  • Barker, Eileen (1996). "New Religions and Mental Health". In Bhugra, Dinesh (ed.). Psychiatry and Religion: Context, Consensus and Controversies. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415089557.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bartley, William W. (1978). Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. ISBN 0517535025.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bass, Alison (3 March 1999). "The Forum: Cult or comfort?". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company.
  • Bauder, Don (7 August 1994). "Firm Turns to est Guru; Still Slides". Union-Tribune. San Diego.
  • Beckford, James A. (2003). Social Theory and Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521774314.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Beckford, James A. (2004). "New Religious Movements and Globalization". In Lucas, Phillip Charles; Robbins, Thomas (eds.). New Religious Movements in the 21st Century. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-96576-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Beckford, James A.; Demerath, Jay, eds. (2007). The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. London: SAGE. ISBN 9781412911955.
  • Bhugra, Dinesh (1997). Psychiatry and Religion: Context, Consensus and Controversies. Routledge. ISBN 0415165121.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Boulware, Jack (2000). San Francisco Bizarro. New York: Macmillan/St. Martins. ISBN 0312206712.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bromley, David G. (2007). Teaching New Religious Movements. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195177299.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • BusinessWeek staff (18 November 2010). "General Tso, Meet Steven Covey". Businessweek. Bloomberg. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  • CASS staff (2003). "LP/LLC Information". California Secretary of State. Sacramento, California: California. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
  • CASS staff (1987). "Entity Number C1197599". California Secretary of State. Sacramento, California: California. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
  • Chryssides, George (1999). Exploring New Religions. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Chryssides, George D. (2006). The A to Z of New Religious Movements. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810855887.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Clarke, Peter B. (2012). "New Religious Movements". In Taliaferro, Charles; Harrison, Victoria S.; Goetz, Stewart (eds.). The Routledge Companion to Theism. London: Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-415-88164-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Colman, Andrew M. (2009). A Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199534067.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Dewan, Shaila (3 May 2010). "Hired to Bring Order, Kings' Adviser Brings Peace". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  • EFF staff (2011). "Landmark and the Internet Archive". eff.org. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  • EFF staff (2007). "EFF and Internet Archive response to Landmark" (PDF). eff.org. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  • Eisner, Donald A. (2000). The Death of Psychotherapy: From Freud to Alien Abductions. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 0275964132.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Faltermayer, Charlotte (24 June 2001). "The Best of est?". Time Magazine. New York. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  • Farber, Sharon Klayman (2012). Hungry for Ecstasy: Trauma, the Brain, and the Influence of the Sixties. Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aronson/Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780765708588.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gastil, John (2010). The Group in Society. Los Angeles: SAGE. ISBN 9781412924689.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Goldwag, Arthur (2009). Cults, Conspiracies, and Secret Societies. New York: Vintage/Random House. ISBN 9780307390677.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Conway, Flo; Siegelman, Jim (1995). Snapping: America's Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change. New York: Stillpoint. ISBN 0964765004.
  • Gordon, Suzanne (December 1978). "Let Them Eat est". Mother Jones. San Francisco, California. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  • Grigoriadis, Vanessa (9 July 2001). "Pay Money, Be Happy". New York Magazine. New York, New York. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  • Heelas, Paul (1991). "Western Europe: Self Religions". In Sutherland, S.R.; Clarke, P.B. (eds.). The Study of Religion: Traditional and New Religions. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415064325.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hellard, Peta (11 June 2006). "Stress Fear in $700 Child Forum: WA children as young as eight who attend "life-changing" coaching sessions by a controversial US company could have difficulty with their schoolwork afterwards, according to experts". Sunday Times. Perth, Western Australia: News Corporation.
  • Hill, Amelia (13 December 2008). "I thought I'd be brainwashed. But how wrong could I be". The Observer. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
  • Hukill, Traci (9–15 July 1998). "The est of Friends". Metroactive. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  • Koocher, Gerald P.; Keith-Spiegel, Patricia (2008). Ethics in Psychology and the Mental Health Professions: Standards and Cases. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195149111.
  • Kornbluth, Jesse (19 March 1976). "The Fuhrer over EST". New Times. New York: Hirsch.
  • Landmark (Art Schreiber) (3 May 2005). "Declaration of Arthur Schreiber; US District Court, New Jersey; Civil Action No.04-3022(JCL)" (PDF). CEI. Cult Education Institute. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  • Landmark (Art Schreiber) (2006a). "Landmark's letter to the Internet Archive" (PDF). eff.org. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  • Landmark (Art Schreiber) (2006b). "Landmark's letter to Google" (PDF). eff.org. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  • Landmark staff (1 February 2008). "Landmark Education Business Development, LEBD, Changes Name to Vanto Group". PRNewswire. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  • Landmark staff (2002). "Landmark Education Celebrates 11 Years of Business and Growth". Landmark Education. San Francisco, California: Landmark Education. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  • Landmark staff (2002). "Overview". Landmark Education. San Francisco, California: Landmark Education. Archived from the original on 3 August 2002. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  • Landmark staff (2004). "Landmark Education – Droit de Répons – France 3". Landmark Education (in French). San Francisco, California: Landmark Education. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
  • Landmark staff (2014). "Overview". Landmark Education. San Francisco, California: Landmark Education. Archived from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  • Landmark staff (2014). "Landmark Fact Sheet". Landmark Worldwide. San Francisco, California: Landmark Worldwide. Archived from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  • Landmark staff (2015). "The Landmark Advanced Course". Landmark Worldwide. Landmark Worldwide. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  • Lazarus, Baila (11 April 2008). "Attain Freedom from the Past". Jewish Independent.
  • Lemonniera, Marie (19 May 2005). "Chez les gourous en cravate". Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  • Lockwood, Renee (2011). "Religiosity Rejected: Exploring the Religio-Spiritual Dimensions of Landmark Education". International Journal for the Study of New Religions. Sheffield, England: Equinox. 2 (2). doi:10.1558/ijsnr.v2i2.225. ISSN 2041-9511.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Logan, David C. (1998). Transforming the Network of Conversations in BHP New Zealand Steel: Landmark Education Business Development's New Paradigm for Organizational Change (Case). USC Marshall School of Business.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Marshall, Jeannie (23–27 June 1997). "The est in the Business: That old seventies personal growth fad has been resurrected and retooled, and it's coming soon to a corporation near you". National Post: Saturday Night. Toronto, Ontario.
  • McClure, Laura (July–August 2009). "The Landmark Forum: 42 Hours, $500, 65 Breakdowns; My lost weekend with the trademark happy, bathroom-break hating, slightly spooky inheritors of est". Mother Jones. San Francisco, California. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  • McCrone, John (22 November 2008). "A Landmark Change". The Press Supplement. Christchurch New Zealand.
  • Mullally, Una; Burke, John (31 July 2005). "Labour senator promotes group classified in France as 'cult-like'". Sunday Tribune. Dublin Ireland.
  • Odasso, Diane (5 June 2008). "My Landmark Experience". Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
  • Office of International Religious Freedom (2005). "International Religious Freedom Report 2005: Austria". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  • Office of International Religious Freedom (2006). "International Religious Freedom Report 2005: Sweden". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  • Palme, Christian (3 June 2002). "Landsting köpte kurs av Landmark". DN.SE. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
  • Palmer, Susan (2011). The New Heretics of France: Minority Religions, la Republique, and the Government-Sponsored War on Sects. Oxford UP. ISBN 9780199875993.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Paris, Joel (2013). Psychotherapy in an Age of Narcissism: Modernity, Science, and Society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230336964.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Partridge, Christopher; Puttick, Elizabeth (2004). New Religions: A Guide. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0195220420.
  • Pressman, Steven (1993). Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile. New York: St. Martin's. ISBN 0312092962.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Puttick, Elizabeth (2004). "Landmark Forum (est)". In Partridge, Christopher Hugh (ed.). Encyclopedia of New Religions. Oxford: Lion. ISBN 9780745950730.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Ramstedt, Martin (2007). "New Age and Business: Corporations as Cultic Milieus?". In Kemp, Daren; Lewis, James R. (eds.). Handbook of the New Age. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. 1. Leiden: BRILL. p. 196. ISBN 9789004153554.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rayman, Graham (20 May 2008). "Suit Against Sperm-Bank Firm Claims Sexual Harassment and Cult-Like Behavior". Village Voice. New York.
  • Richardson, James T. (1998). "est (THE FORUM)". In Swatos, Jr., William H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira. ISBN 0761989560.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rolfe, Peter (9 March 2008). "We Pay for Seminars: TAXPAYERS are picking up the bill to send police officers and bureaucrats on a controversial personal enlightenment course". Sunday Herald Sun. Melbourne, Victoria.
  • Roy, Anne (24 May 2004). "France 3: L'investigation prend du galon". L'Humanité (in French). Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  • Rupert, Glenn A. (1992). "Employing the New Age: Training Seminars". In Lewis, James R.; Melton, J. Gordon (eds.). Perspectives on the New Age. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 079141213X.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rusnell, Charles; Russell, Jennie (17 October 2014). "Alberta Health Services staff pressured to attend controversial seminars". CBC News. Ottawa, Ontario. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  • Sacks, Danielle (1 April 2009). "Lululemon's Cult of Selling". Fast Company. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  • Saliba, John A. (2003). Understanding New Religious Movements. Walnut Creek, California: Rowman Altamira. p. 88. ISBN 9780759103559.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Schneider (1995). "Der Pädagogische Bereich als Operationsfeld für Psychokulte". 20 Jahre Elterninitiative. University of Tubingen, Theologische Abteilung. e.V.: 189–190. ISBN 3927890235. ISSN 0720-3772.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link);
  • Scioscia, Amanda (19 October 2000). "Drive-thru Deliverance: It's not called est anymore, but you can still be ridiculed into self-awareness in just one expensive weekend". Phoenix New Times. Phoenix, Arizona.
  • Sharot, Stephen (2011). Comparative Perspectives on Judaisms and Jewish Identities. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 9780814334010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • D'Souza, Christa (13 July 2008). "Sex Therapy". The Times. London.
  • Stassen, Wilma (11 September 2008). "Inside a Landmark Forum weekend". Health 24. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  • TD (24 May 2004). "Une secte démasquée grâce à la caméra cachée". Le Parisien (in French). Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  • Tessier, Odine (20 May 2004). "Voyage au pays des nouveaux gourous". Le Point (in French). Archived from the original on 2014-12-13. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  • Thornburgh, Nathan (7 March 2011). "Change We Can (Almost) Believe In". Time. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  • Wright, Stuart (2002). "Public Agency Involvement in Government–Religious Movement Confrontation". In Bromley, David G.; Melton, J. Gordon (eds.). Cults, Religion, and Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521668980.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.