Lamentations 2

Lamentations 2 is the second chapter of the Book of Lamentations in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible,[1][2] part of the Ketuvim ("Writings").[3][4] This chapter continues the elegies of the prophet Jeremiah, as he laments the misery of Jerusalem, and its causes, and their enemies' derision (Lamentations 2:1-17), leading to an exhortation to true sorrow and repentance. The chapter concludes with a fervent prayer in verses 18 (or 19) to 22.[5]

Lamentations 2
A triple version of Lamentations in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic. From British Library ms. Or 2375. From Yemen, circa 1480.
BookBook of Lamentations
Hebrew Bible partKetuvim
Order in the Hebrew part6
CategoryThe five scrolls
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part25

Text

The original text was written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 22 verses.

The chapter is acrostic, divided into 22 stanzas or verses. The stanzas consist of triplets of lines (excepting Lamentations 2:19, which contain four lines) each beginning with the letters of the Hebrew alphabet in regular order (twenty-two in number).[5]

Textual versions

Some early witnesses for the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes Codex Leningradensis (1008).[6][lower-alpha 1] Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, i.e., 4Q111 (4QLam; 30‑1 BCE) with the extant verse 5.[8][9][10]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: S; 4th century; extant verses 1–20[11]), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century).[12]

Verse 1
How the Lord has covered the daughter of Zion
With a cloud in His anger!
He cast down from heaven to the earth
The beauty of Israel,
And did not remember His footstool
In the day of His anger.[13]

Verse 10
The elders of the daughter of Zion
Sit on the ground and keep silence;
They throw dust on their heads
And gird themselves with sackcloth.
The virgins of Jerusalem
Bow their heads to the ground.[17]

This verse illustrates Judean mourning rites.[18]

Verses 16–17

In verses 16-17, two initial letters, "Ayin" and "Pe", are transposed.[5] This is found is three instances in the whole book (Lamentations 2:16-17; 3:46–51; 4:16–17).[5] Grotius thinks the reason for the inversion of two of the Hebrew letters, is that the Chaldeans, like the Arabians, used a different order from the Hebrews; in the first Elegy (chapter 1), Jeremiah speaks as a Hebrew, in the following ones, as one subject to the Chaldeans, but Fausset thinks it is doubtful.[19]

Verse 19
"Arise, cry out in the night,
At the beginning of the watches;
Pour out your heart like water before the face of the Lord.
Lift your hands toward Him
For the life of your young children,
Who faint from hunger at the head of every street."[20]

This verse "introduces the language of prayer, even repentance; and in this anticipates themes of chapter 3".[18]

gollark: You don't stare at a road's color and decide "this is clearly lime to represent kiwis".
gollark: But, they won't see roads and think "this color is the national symbol of somewhere.
gollark: But, you see, if multiple streets use lime...
gollark: If we use all 16 options, we can move onto combination.
gollark: I have pink dye stored.

See also

Notes
  1. Since 1947 the whole book is missing from Aleppo Codex.[7]

References
  1. Collins 2014, pp. 365–367.
  2. Hayes 2015, Chapter 20.
  3. Metzger, Bruce M., et al. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  4. Keck, Leander E. 2001. The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume: VI. Nashville: Abingdon.
  5. Jamieson, Robert; Fausset, Andrew Robert; Brown, David. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary on the Whole Bible. "Lamentations 2". 1871.
  6. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35-37.
  7. P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)", New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362
  8. Ulrich 2010, pp. 749–752.
  9. Dead sea scrolls - General Info - Lamentations
  10. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 43.
  11.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  12. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73-74.
  13. Lamentations 2:1 NKJV
  14. Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Bible - "Lamentations 2" London, Blackie & Son, 1884. Reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998.
  15. Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "Lamentations 2". In: The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890.
  16. Gill, John. Exposition of the Entire Bible. "Lamentations 2". Published in 1746-1763.
  17. Lamentations 2:10: NKJV
  18. Joyce, P. M., Lamentations in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 530
  19. Jamieson, Robert; Fausset, Andrew Robert; Brown, David. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary on the Whole Bible. "Lamentations 1: Introduction". 1871.
  20. Lamentations 2:19: NKJV

Sources

Jewish

Christian
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