Lagovirus

Lagovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Caliciviridae.[2][3] Lagomorphs serve as natural hosts. There are currently only two species in this genus including the type species Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. Diseases associated with this genus include: necrotizing hepatitis leading to fatal hemorrhages.[4]

Lagovirus
CryoEM reconstruction of Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) capsid. EMDB entry EMD-1933[1]
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Caliciviridae
Genus: Lagovirus
Type species
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
Species
  • European brown hare syndrome virus
  • Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus

Taxonomy

Group: ssRNA(+) Order: Picornavirales Family: Caliciviridae Genus: Lagovirus

  • European brown hare syndrome virus
  • Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus

[3]

Virion properties

Morphology

Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is not enveloped, round with T=3 icosahedral symmetry. The isometric capsid has a diameter of 35–39 nm. Particles with T=1 symmetry, composed of 60 capsid proteins are also observed, which have diameter of about 15 nm.[4] Capsids appear round to hexagonal in outline. The capsid surface structure reveals a regular pattern with distinctive features. The capsomer arrangement is clearly visible. Capsid with 32 cup-shaped depressions.

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
LagovirusIcosahedralT=1, T=3Non-envelopedLinearMonopartite

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by RNA termination-reinitiation. Lagomorphs serve as the natural host.[3][4]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
LagovirusLagomorphsLiverCell receptor endocytosisLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmContact

Physical and chemical properties

The molecular mass (Mr) of virions is 15×106. Virions have a buoyant density in Caesium chloride (CsCl) of 1.33–1.36 g/cm3. The density gradient of virions in Potassium Tartrate-Glycerol is 1.29 g/cm3. The sedimentation coefficient is 170–187 svedberg (s20,w); of the other(s) are peak 160–170 svedberg (s20,w) (believed to consist of defective interfering particles). Under in vitro conditions virions are inactivated in acid environment of pH 4.5–7; stable in alkaline environment of pH 7–10.5. Virions are not stable at raised temperature in presence of high concentration of Mg++. Virions are sensitive to treatment with trypsin (in some strains, not sensitive to treatment with mild detergents, or ether, or chloroform. The infectivity is enhanced after treatment with trypsin (in some strains).

Genome

The genome is not segmented and contains a single molecule of linear positive-sense, ssRNA. Minor species of non-genomic nucleic acid are some times also found in virions. The encapsidated nucleic acid is mainly of genomic origin, but virions may also contain subgenomic RNA. The complete genome is 7450 nucleotides long. The genome has a guanine + cytosine content of 49.3–50.1 %. The 5' end of the genome has a usually genome-linked protein (VPg), or methylated nucleotide cap (in the case of Hepatitis E virus). The 3' terminus has a poly (A) tract. Each virion contains a full length copy, or defective interfering copies.

Proteins

The viral genome encodes viral structural protein. Virions consist of 1 structural protein(s) (major species located in the capsid.

Viral structural protein: Capsid protein has a molar mass of 59000–71000 Da; is the coat protein. Capsid protein has a molecular mass of minor 'soluble' 28–30 kDa.

Antigenicity

Cross-reactivity is found. Cross-reactivity between species of the same serotype, but not with species of another serotype and some species of the same serotype, but not with all. Although the degree of antigenic specificity varies with the degree of relatedness, the antigenicity is distinct from serogroups of the same genus. Most species in the genus are related antigenically. They are sharing some epitopes in the structural proteins.

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References
  1. Luque, D.; González, J. M.; Gómez-Blanco, J.; Marabini, R.; Chichón, J.; Mena, I.; Angulo, I.; Carrascosa, J. L.; Verdaguer, N.; Trus, B. L.; Bárcena, J.; Castón, J. R. (2012). "Epitope Insertion at the N-Terminal Molecular Switch of the Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus T=3 Capsid Protein Leads to Larger T=4 Capsids" (PDF). Journal of Virology. 86 (12): 6470–6480. doi:10.1128/JVI.07050-11. PMC 3393579. PMID 22491457.
  2. Vinjé, J; Estes, MK; Esteves, P; Green, KY; Katayama, K; Knowles, NJ; L'Homme, Y; Martella, V; Vennema, H; White, PA; ICTV Report Consortium (November 2019). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Caliciviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 100 (11): 1469–1470. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001332. PMID 31573467.
  3. "ICTV Report Caliciviridae".
  4. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  • ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.012.0.02. Lagovirus. In: ICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA

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