La Prensa (San Antonio)

La Prensa ("The Press") was an American Spanish-language daily newspaper based in San Antonio that ran from February 13, 1913, to May 29, 1959, under the Lozano family, then until January 31, 1963, under successive owners.[1][2][3][4][5]

This article is about the historic San Antonio newspaper. For the current San Antonio newspaper, see La Prensa de San Antonio. For other newspapers with similar names, see La Prensa.
La Prensa
(bygone publication)
TypeDaily newspaper
Founder(s)Ignacio E. Lozano, Sr.
PublisherLozano Newspapers, Inc.
FoundedFebruary 13, 1913
Ceased publicationJanuary 31, 1963
HeadquartersSan Antonio, Texas
OCLC number9505681

History of La Prensa

La Prensa was founded on February 13, 1913, in San Antonio as a weekly newspaper by Ignacio Eugenio Lozano, Sr. (1886–1953), a prominent exile of Mexico, native of Nuevo Leon, and supporter of Porfirio Diaz leading up to, and throughout the Mexican Revolution.[6] That same month, nine days later, Mexico's President Francisco I. Madero was assassinated. The era was coincident with a large influx of Mexican exiles in America who had fled after a series of revolutionary-related civil unrest.[7][8] La Prensa, according to historian Richard Griswold del Castillo, PhD, had two missions: (i) to serve as the voice of the Mexican exile community and (ii) to defend and represent the views of the wealthy Mexican exiles who favored Diaz. La Prensa's editorials strongly challenged Mexican public policy.[9][10] The upshot was that its editorial positions mirrored the political ideologies of Lozano.[11]

From 1913 to 1954, La Prensa was the leading Spanish-language newspaper circulating in South Texas. For many years, it was the most widely circulated Spanish-language newspaper in the United States and had an international readership. During its first two decades, it covered topics pertinent to exiles of the Mexican Revolution, from 1910 to 1930. The lifespan of La Prensa covered eras of World War I, the decline of organized labor in the U.S. during the 1920s, the rise in the U.S. stock market between 1924 and 1929, the Great Crash, the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the Great Depression that followed, the New Deal, World War II, and the emergence of the U.S. as a superpower. Yet through all that, in contrast to mainstream newspapers in the U.S., La Prensa devoted considerable coverage to matters relating to Mexico, and was the leading publication in opposition to the Mexican Revolution. For mainstream U.S. newspapers, matters in Europe were more important than matters in Mexico, which positioned La Prensa in an elevated role as a prime-source for important news involving Mexico.[12][13][14]

La Prensa was also a leading voice for Mexican culture, which at the time, was a renaissance of literature, film, visual arts (including muralism), and music (including Carlos Chávez). For Mexico, it was a vibrant period, and yet one of economic challenges and public policy shifts.

La Prensa's domestic and international readership peaked during the Mexican Revolution, due largely to its position as the leading U.S. publication covering Mexico; and, unlike the print media of Mexico, La Prensa was free to print news and editorials of its choosing.[15] In the 1920s, Los Angeles surpassed San Antonio as the U.S. city with the largest concentration of Mexicans.[16] In that same decade, La Prensa's largest readership shifted to Los Angeles. On September 16, 1926 — Mexican Independence Day — Lozano launched the Los Angeles-based Spanish-language daily newspaper, La Opinión.[17][18][19][20] As of the current date — August 8, 2020 — La Opinión is in its ninety-third year. It is the nation's oldest Mexican-American daily newspaper, the nation's largest Spanish-language daily newspaper, and is still directed by the Lozano family. La Opinión is the enduring legacy of La Prensa.

After the Mexican Revolution, another Mexican cultural renaissance flourished,[21] giving more rich material for La Prensa and the two U.S. cities with the largest Mexican and Mexican-American populations. New York, at the time, had a large Spanish-speaking population, but it was not predominately Mexican.

In 1936, following the Mexican Revolution, the Spanish Civil War broke-out. La Prensa was an important publication for politically engaged people of Mexico and exiled Mexicans in the U.S. involved in helping integrate Spanish exiles who were fleeing falangism.[8] In 1953, the year that Lozano died, the Cuban Revolution began.

Yet, circulation of La Prensa declined in the late 1950s due to several factors, namely a waning public yearning to restore pre-Mexican Revolution values, a drop in Spanish literacy by writers and readers of newer generations of U.S.-born American citizens of Mexican ancestry, and a desire by newer generations to assimilate and embrace the pop culture of the post-swing and pre-rock-n-roll eras.

Given that La Prensa, under its founders, was strongly linked to its view of conservative pre-Revolution Mexican values, some scholars attribute its decline to being stuck in a bygone era while major cultural changes were occurring in new-generation Mexican-Americans — changes that included the Americanization of La Prensa's readership. The Lozono family — who sold La Prensa at a low in 1959 but retained their Los Angeles newspaper, La Opinión — struggling with the changes for a decade following the death of their patriarch; but, they had several advantages over the successive owners of La Prensa. The new generation of Lozanos, led by American-born Ignacio E. Lozano, Jr., identified with forward-thinking Americans of Mexican ancestry. Moreover, Ignacio, Jr., had experience of having worked in the family business with the mentoring of a lifetime from his father, mother, and executives close to the family.

"Mexico abroad" was a fashionable term among many Mexican exiles.[4] La Prensa was distinctly different from other major U.S. Spanish-language newspapers because of its allegiance to Mexico and its people.

La Prensa and La Opinión have become, spontaneously and automatically, the strongest links among all these Mexicans and their work in favor of "Mexico abroad" has surpassed the effectiveness of the work of all our border area consulates ... These newspapers have shown Mexicans in Mexico the intensity of the life of Mexicans abroad. Without them, Mexicans inside Mexico would not know that thousands of fellow countrymen live abroad who have not lost their Mexican spirit or broken their spiritual ties with our homeland.

— Juan Sánchez Azcona (es), 1929[22]

In the latter part of the 19th-century, the phrase "Mexican-American,"[lower-roman 1] as an ethnic classification or reference, was still commonly used, but it waned in favor of other expressions. Some historians and scholars have opined that the waning might have been a result of:

  1. a loss of Mexican cultural values or allegiance to Mexico by newer generations born in America
  2. fatigue from stereotyping
  3. a broader mix of Spanish-speaking Americans from other countries blurring lines of ethnic identity
  4. a desire for a broader ethnic or full-American or worldly or hipper identity by Mexican-Americans
  5. dilution degrees of Mexican-American ethnicity of successive generations
  6. a disavowal of the patriarchal, conservative values attached to the phrase by the early 19th-century generation of Mexican exiles
  7. any combination(s) thereof

The headquarters for La Prensa always remained in San Antonio. In the era when the Lozano family controlled both La Prensa and La Opinión, until 1956, the headquarters for both remained in San Antonio.

Editorial bent
Conservative political stance towards the Mexican Revolution

The right-wing views harbored by Mexican Revolution era exiles in the U.S. had some similarities to the right-wing views of Cuban exiles from the Cuban Revolution. That is, the so-called labor classes wanted change while wealthier classes, particularity those who fled, feared that change would result in economic ruin — and resisting change would threaten their lives. From 1913, throughout the Mexican Revolution, the editorials of La Prensa included contributions by prominent Mexican intellectual exiles that supported Porfirista policies — policies that included strongman political stability, antisocialist proforeign economic intervention, and a united nationalistic society. Its negative views of the revolution complicated the Texas Mexican's attitudes towards both Mexico and the U.S.

In contrast to La Prensa's stance against labor uprisings in Mexico during the Revolution, La Prensa was an influential watchdog for bigotry and labor abuses against Mexican-Americans in the U.S. during the same period. And, in that same period, La Prensa supported Mexican-American non-union labor, notably in industries grappling with labor disputes. In one case, La Prensa supported Mexican-American labor at Bethlehem Steel in Pittsburgh in 1923.[23] The April 17, 1923 edition of La Prensa announced that (i) a train left that day for Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, with four-hundred workers aboard, (ii) four-hundred more were to leave on April 22, 1923, and (iii) three-hundred workers had left two weeks earlier.

Third generation progressive political influence in the U.S.

Many descendants of La Prensa journalists became leading exponents of progressive politics in America, including Lozano's granddaughter, Monica C. Lozano and Leonides González's son, Henry B. Gonzalez.

Loyalty to Mexico

Lozano contended that all Mexicans were the same and urged them to return and rebuild their homeland. One of his editors, Federico Allen Hinojosa, published a book in 1940 in which he asserted that members of the El México de Afuera — the title of the book which translates to "Exiles from Mexico" — had distinguished themselves by not only retaining their faith (in Catholicism) and devotion (to Mexican nationalism) that their non-exiled Mexican counterparts had lost, they achieved a reconquest of the lost lands that the United States had taken from Mexico in the 19th century.[24][25][26] While La Prensa articulated the political views of its publisher, it contained news and features about the Mexican homeland that appealed to Mexicans in the U.S. who harbored a wide spectrum of political views.

Provocative editorials towards the Mexican Revolutionary Party

On November 6, 1934, the Associated Press reported that distribution of La Prensa and La Opinión was barred from Mexico by the government because of articles criticizing the ousting of Catholic officials from government over opposition against the Revolutionary Party-controlled government's plan to contest so-called Catholic aggression and to, among other things, transfer the role of education to the government. Archbishop Pascual Diaz of Mexico had gone into hiding.[27]

Publishing influence in the Southwest

San Antonio became the publishing center for Hispanics in the Southwest, and housed more Spanish-language publishing houses than any other city in the United States. During the 1920s and 1930s, San Antonio was home to:

  • Casa Editorial Lozano, founded around 1916 by Ignacio E. Lozano, Sr., published hundreds of titles a year during its peak and was the largest publishing establishment owned by a Hispanic in the United States[14]
  • Viola Novelty Company, founded and owned by Pascual Viola (1898–1946), published two satirical weekly newspapers, El Vacílon and El Fandango, active from 1916 to 1927
  • Whitt Printing Co., founded in 1914 by descendants of an English officer, endured its latter years only as a printing establishment; it dissolved in 1977 under the heirs Homer Whitt, Sr. (1905–1980) and Allen Hall
  • Librería Española, surviving its latter years only as a bookstore; it closed in 1999 as San Antonio's last full-service Spanish-language bookstore
  • Artes Graficas[28][lower-roman 2]
Influence in fine arts

La Prensa encouraged readers to attend the opera, particularly the Chicago Civic Opera when it was in town. It also urged readers to listen to classical music on the radio, "Música Simfónica." In an apparent attempt to cultivate Mexican heritage, La Prensa urged its readers to attend Mexican films, lectures by Mexican and Spanish intellectuals, and theater. Many Mexican-Americans, especially rico exiles, wanted to preserved their national heritage, Lo Mexicano; whereas lower income Mexican-Americans preferred to create their own cultural traditions.[29]

As an example of La Prensa's influence on performing artists, internationally acclaimed Mexican violinist Silvestre Revueltas had been part of a fine arts movement in Mexico that rose to world rank. Revueltas' trio performed at San Antonio's Teatro Nacional on April 8, 1926 — a concert sponsorship by El Club Mexicano de Bellas Artes, San Antonio, of which Lozano's wife, Alicia Elizondo de Lozano, was an officer. For members of the Revueltas trio — which included soprano Lupe Medina de Ortega (née Guadalupe Medina; 1892–1953)[30][31][lower-roman 3] and pianist Francisco Agea Hermosa (1900–1970).[32] For the latter two, it was their U.S. debut. Revueltas' took-up residence and performed in San Antonio from about 1926 to 1929. His decision to do so was influenced by lavish reviews of the San Antonio Express and La Prensa.[33][lower-alpha 1]

Attitudes towards modern women

In a treatise about women at La Prensa, scholar Nancy A. Aguirre, PhD, states that La Prensa was critical of women seeking men's roles, particularly rica (rich) women.[34]

Influence on popular culture

Dances by Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys were advertised in La Prensa in the 1940s and were well-attended by Mexican-Americans.[35]

Attitudes towards fashion

In a 1940 description of a zoot suit, a writer for La Prensa gave a sarcastic description:

They wear a jacket that is over 37-inches long, with three buttons of which only two are used, the shoulders are heavily padded, the waist is tight: the legs are 26 inches wide, but the pant cuffs measure only 14 inches. The pants, seen from north to south, generally go almost to the armpit, but the watch hangs from a chain that reaches to the knees.

— Excerpt (translated) from La Prensa, 1940[36]
Management

Ignacio Lozano and his wife, Alicia Elizondo Lozano, operated both papers.[19] After Ignacio's death from cancer[1] in 1953, his son, Ignacio E. Lozano, Jr., at age 26, took over as publisher of La Opinión and his widow returned to San Antonio to continue operations, with Leonides González (1875–1966), La Prensa's longtime business manager. González was the father of Henry B. Gonzalez, who in 1961, became a U.S. Congressman. He was also the grandfather of Charlie Gonzalez, who in 1999, also became a U.S. Congressman.

1957 suspension of La Prensa

González had retired in 1957 and on June 16 (Sunday), 1957, the paper suspended operation.[15] It reappeared July 11, 1957, as a weekly tabloid. On that same day, González announced his resignation.[10][37][37]

From then until 1959, La Prensa continued as a weekly under Lozano management with Ignacio E. Lozano, Jr., as director, Alica Lozano as manager, and Manuel Ruiz Ibañez as editor-in-chief. The last issue under the Lozano family was published May 29, 1959, Vol. 47, No. 15.

1959 sale of La Prensa

La Prensa was sold to Texas millionaire-philanthropist Dudley Tarleton Dougherty (1924–1978) and economist Eduardo Grenas-Gooding (born 1887–1968), formerly of Colombia, Mexico, and Cuba. The first issue under the new owners was published June 4, 1959, as a weekly. The new owners announced their intent to restore publication as a daily in September 1959 and extensive expansion into Central and South America, but neither ever materialized.[1][17]

On December 3, 1959, Dougherty appointed Ed Harllee (né Arthur Edward Harllee; 1929–2010) as general manager of La Prensa. Raymond Palmer Orr (born 1924) continued as executive editor.[38]

December 10, 1959

A pilot film made for television, Gringo, produced Ron Gorton in cooperation with La Prensa Publishing Co. premiered in San Antonio on December 10, 1959.[39]

1960 relocation of printing press

Beginning August 4, 1960, La Prensa moved its printing to facilities of the Seguin Gazette, in Seguin, Texas, owned by former San Antonio newspaperman John Clifton Taylor Jr. (1925–2014). Ed Castillo remained as managing editor and Octavio R. Costa remained as general manager of what then was 10 employees.[40]

1961 sale of La Prensa

On May 11, 1961, Robert Turgot Brinsmade (né Robert Turgot Brinsmade; 1913–1994), an American international lawyer, purchased La Prensa and announced that he would restore it to a daily publication. Ed Castillo, who had been the managing editor since November 1959, remained in that role. Brinsmade remained owner and publisher of La Prensa until its demise in 1963.

His father, Robert Bruce Brinsmade, PhD (1873–1936), was an American mining engineer, who through his work in mining, became a labor rights advocate and exponent of the economist Henry George.[41][42] Robert Turgot Brinsmade's maternal uncle, Harry Steenbock, PhD (1886–1967), was a biochemistry professor at the University of Wisconsin, inventor, and one of the discoverers of vitamins D, A and B.

Brinsmade, who had been practicing law in Caracas, admitted that he collaborated in the overthrow of Acción Democrática, the Venezuelan political party that governed from 1945 to 1948, when it ended by a coup d'état. He believed that Rómulo Betancourt, who became president in 1945 by coup d'état, and Acción Democrática, intended to set up a Marxist form of government in Venezuela by force of arms, if necessary, and justified his actions, and indicated that his actions had the support of the U.S. government.[43] Brinsmade was roundly informed by Ambassador Walter J. Donnelly in 1948 that he had damaged long-standing U.S. interests by compromising its reputation for neutrality and abstention from political activities. The U.S. Department of State expressed "strong disapproval" of his involvement.[43]

Robert Turgot Brinsmade married three times. He was a widower from his 1939 marriage to Mollye Catherine Johnson (maiden; 1920–1952) and a 1955 divorcee from his 1953 marriage to Ruth Elizabeth Ericsson (maiden; born 1914) — who had been, in 1941, selected in New York by John Robert Powers to be a Miss Subways model, which drew 258 marriage proposals, all of which she rejected.[44] In 1961, he married Suzanne Joy Metz (maiden; born 1934) in Mexico City after having spent time in Caracas, Venezuela, as owner and publisher of the newspaper La Calle ("The Street"). Brinsgate and his wife settled in Houston.[45] He had been a founding shareholder in 1948 in Sivensa (Siderúrgica Venezolana, S.A.), a Venezuelan steel company.[lower-roman 4]

Final issue and involuntary liquidation of La Prensa

The last issue of La Prensa, by then a bilingual tabloid, was published on January 31, 1963, just two weeks short of the paper's fiftieth anniversary. In a final blow, the Internal Revenue Service seized La Prensa's assets for back taxes and sold them at auction March 28, 1963.

Selected personnel
Publishers
  • Ignacio Eugenio Lozano, Sr. (1886–1953), founder and publisher from 1913 to 1953
  • Alicia Lozano (née Alicia Elizondo; 1899–1984), wife of Ignacio Lozano, Sr., publisher from 1953 to 1959
  • Dudley Tarleton Dougherty (1924–1978) and Eduardo Grenas-Gooding (born 1887–1968), co-publishers from 1959 to 1961; Dougherty was the son of a first-generation Texas-Irish Mexican Citizen
  • Roberto Brinsmade (né Robert Turgot Brinsmade; 1914–1994), publisher from 1961 to 1963
Editors
  • Teodoro Torres (es) (1891–1944), considered the father of Mexican journalism[28]
  • Alberto P. Whitt, Sr. (1900–1961), was editor-in-chief for 32 years[46]
  • Jose G. González (1889–1964), who had been married to Concepcion Lozano, who predeceased him
  • George Edward Farenthold (1915–2000), who, from 1950 to 1985, was married to political activist Frances Farenthold, cousin of Dudley Tarleton Dougherty
Managing editors
  • Delis Negron (nè Delis Pedro Lopez Negron; 1901–1956), city editor in the late 1940s, then managing editor from about 1948 to 1954
  • Ed Castillo (né Edward Severo Castillo; 1916–1996), formerly a columnist with the San Antonio Light, became managing editor of La Prensa in November 1959
  • Manuel Ruiz Ibañez (1910–1995), editor, the managing editor up until 1959
Business manager
  • Leonides González (1875–1966), a Mexican exile, was managing editor for more that 40 years; and held key executive positions, including the position of administrator when La Prensa was founded
Mechanical staff
  • José Rómulo Munguía Torres (aka Rómulo Munguía; 1885–1975) fled Mexico in 1926, settling in San Antonio; Lozano hired him as a linotype operator and rapidly promoted him to mechanical superintendent[47][48] He was the grandfather of Henry Cisneros.
Contributors
  • Alonso Sandoval Perales (1898–1960)[49]
Writers
  • Nemesio García Naranjo (es) (1883–1962)
  • Victoriano Salado Álvarez (1867–1931)
  • Querido Moheno (1873–1933)
  • José María Lozano (1878–1933)
  • José Ascensión Reyes (1872–1935), writer and administrator
  • Reynaldo Esparza Martínez, former governor of Puebla, Mexico
  • José Fernández Rojas, Sr. (1885–1950), chief editorial writer from 1922 to 1932
  • José Fernández Rojas, Jr.
  • Federico Allen Hinojosa (1888–1947), city editor for more than 20 years
  • Regino Hernández Llergo (born 1898)
  • José Pagés Llergo (es) (1910–1989), cousin of Regino Hernández Llergo
  • Ignacio F. Herrerías (1906–1944), founding publisher of the Mexican newspaper Novedades de México who was shot to death by Florencio Zamarripa (1920–1965), chief of a strike committee, after the end of a strike; Herrerías was the grandfather of opera soprano Betty Fabila
  • Genaro Montiel Olvera
  • José Ruiz Ibañez (1883–1938)
  • Manuel Ruiz Ibañez (1910–1995), editor
  • Raúl Cortez (1905–1971), reporter for La Prensa before founding KCOR and KCOR-TV
  • José Vasconcelos (1882–1959)
  • Romulo Munguia, Sr. (1885–1975), writer and superintendent of the printing shop[50]
  • Martín Luis Guzmán (1887–1976), reporter
  • Benjamin Franklin Cuéllar (1886–1958), editor, was a Mexican exile
  • Star Castillo (né Eduardo Alvarez del Castillo; 1911–1958), Laredo journalist, and once a stringer for La Prensa[51]
  • Oswaldo Alarcón (1902–1966), sports editor
  • Andrea Villarreal (1881–1963)
  • Leonides Gonzales, general manager
  • Amado Ramírez (né Amado Madrigal Ramírez; 1913–1973), editor, who in December 1963, founded Noticiero, and later was the Chicago editor for Prensa Libre, became a U.S. naturalized citizen in 1966
  • J. Xavier Mondragón, for 18 years, from 1913 to 1930, Mondrabón was the Chicago correspondent for La Prensa
Poets
  • Américo Paredes (1915–1999), when he was 20, published poems in a literary supplement of La Prensa, Lunes literarios (literary Mondays), published Monday's, running from about 1935 to 1940[52] On October 18, 1937, La Prensa ran a two-page excerpt of his work, Cantos de Adolescencia[53]
  • María Enriqueta Camarillo (1872–1968) (es) ("Ivan Moakowski")

Selected archival access to La Prensa
February 13, 1913, to May 28, 1959
  • Microfilm: Benson Latin American Collection, Perry–Castañeda Library, University of Texas at Austin; OCLC 9505681
  • Microfilm; OCLC 32456956
February 13, 1913, to May 28, 1959
Microfilm Center, Inc.
241 reels
positive; 35 mm
  • Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies

Other resources
  • "Index to la Prensa" (for the 1913 and 1914), (manuscript), researched by María Antonia Chávez Saldaña (ed.) (1934); OCLC 30333562
  • Almanaque ilustrado de "La Prensa"; OCLC 10204843
  • Almanaque ilustrado de los periódicos Lozano para 1943: "La Prensa" (San Antonio, Texas), "La Opinión" (Los Angeles, Calif.) (1943); OCLC 651456650

Statements of ownership
March 1, 1916
  • Publisher, Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Editor, Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Managing Editor, F. de. P. Venzor
  • Business Manager, Jose G. Gonzalez
  • Owner, Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Bondholders and other creditors holding more than 1% of the total notes: zero
  • Circulation: 8,325
April 1, 1919
  • Publisher, Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Editor, Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Managing Editor, Teodoro Torres, Jr.
  • Business Managers, F. de. P. Venzor, Jose G. Gonzalez
  • Owner, Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Bondholders and other creditors holding more than 1% of the total notes: zero
  • Circulation: 12,888
October 1, 1920
  • Publisher, Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Editor, Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Managing Editor, Teodoro Torres, Jr.
  • Business Managers: Leonides Gonzalez and Jose G. Gonzalez
  • Owner, Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Bondholders and other creditors holding more than 1% of the total notes: zero
  • Circulation: 17,846
April 1, 1922
  • Publisher, Ignacio E Lozano
  • Editor, Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Managing Editor, Federico Allen Hinojosa
  • Business Managers: Leonides Gonzalez and Jose G. Gonzalez
  • Owner, Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Circulation: 13,166.
October 1, 1927
  • Publisher, Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Managing Editor, Federico Allen Hinojosa
  • Business Manager, Leonides Gonzalez
  • Owner: Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Bondholders and other creditors holding more than 1% of the total notes: zero
  • Circulation: 19,621
October 1, 1934
  • Publisher, Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Managing Editor, Federico Allen Hinojosa
  • Business Manager, Leonides Gonzalez
  • Owner: Lozono Newspapers, Inc.
Ignncio E. Lozano
Alicia E. de Lozano
  • Bondholders and other creditors holding more than 1% of the total notes: zero
  • Circulation: 9,015.
September 30, 1941
  • Publisher, Ignacio E. Lozano
  • Managing Editor, Manuel R. Vidal, Jr.
  • Business Manager, Leonides Gonzalez
  • Owner: Lozono Newspapers, Inc.
Ignncio E. Lozano
Alicia E. de Lozano
  • Bondholders and other creditors holding more than 1% of the total notes: zero
  • Circulation: 9,015.
October 1, 1958, operational personnel of La Prensa was composed of
  • Publisher, Alicia E. Lozano
  • Managing Editor, Manuel Ruiz Ibañez
  • Business Manager, Alicia E. Lozano
  • Alicia E. Lozano, et al., owners under the structure of a partnership
  • Bondholders and other creditors holding more than 1% of the total notes: zero
  • Circulation: 8,704[54]
gollark: Well, yes.
gollark: In what way?
gollark: But not with MicroPython, and I don't want to write C++.
gollark: They can do BLE too, apparently.
gollark: Megabits, yes.

References

Notes
  1. In some quarters, the phrase Mexican-American was misleading and sometimes pejorative. People born in America, regardless of ancestry, have a constitutional right to U.S. citizenship. The term Mexican-American means different things to different people. But to many, it refers to naturalized American citizens who were born in Mexico. The term Chicano, which had a negative connotation before the Chicano Movement in the 1960s, gained popularity. And the phrase Latin-American or Latino or Hispanic became more pervasive as a way to identify Spanish-speaking people of all races and nationalities, including Mexican-Americans who prefer a broader ethnic and cultural identity linking pre-Mexican ancestry. The heritage of 20th-century Mexican-Americans may be much forgotten by people now living in their communities, but the history has been broadly chronicled by writers, publishers, and scholars. Moreover, Chicano Studies — and programs under other various names — at leading universities have institutionalized Mexican-American history as an important standalone inter-discipline.

  2. Many of the publishing houses and weekly newspapers did not survive from their publishing efforts alone; like Whitt Publishing and Artes Gráficas, they also had an extensive job printing businesses. (Kanellos, 2007; Kanellos 2011)

  3. Lupe Medina (née Guadalupe Medina; 1892–1953) was married to the Mexican architect and music lover Ricardo Ortega (1901–1973). She taught at the Conservatorio Nacional de Música in Mexico City and was an exponent of Mexican contemporary classical music. Mexican composer Carlos Jiménez Mabarak (1916–1994) wrote El Retrato de Lupe — Elegía ("Portrait of Lupe") for violin and piano and for violin and orchestra, as a memorial to her. The work was dedicated to and performed by violinist Henryk Szeryng during a European tour. Poet Carlos Pellicer (1899–1977) also dedicated a poem to her — Grupos de Palomas.

  4. Siderúrgica Venezolana, S.A., (Sivensa) was founded in 1948 with initial capital of two million bolívars; its largest shareholder was Miles Meyer Sherover (1896–1976), other shareholders included Robert T. Brinsmade, Warren William Smith (1865–1956), Oscar Augusto Machado (1890–1966), and Carlos Morales. Its objective was to produce steel rods, wire, profiles, and other steel products.


Inline citations from La Prensa
  1. "Una gran nota de arte ofrecieron tres artistas mexicanos" ("Great Classical Music Offered By Three Mexican Artists"), La Prensa, April 9, 1926, pg. 5

Inline citations
  1. "La Prensa," by Nora E. Ríos McMillan (born 1946), Handbook of Texas Online, uploaded June 15, 2010 (retrieved February 12, 2015)
  2. La Prensa of San Antonio and its literary page, 1913 to 1915, by Onofre di Stefano, PhD (dissertation), UCLA (1983); OCLC 23035778, 24154988
  3. History of the Mass Media in the United States: An Encyclopedia — "Hispanic Media," Margaret A. Blanchard (ed.), Fitzroy Dearborn (1998) pps. 251–252; OCLC 40284462
  4. "'Mexico Abroad,' the Vasconcelista Movement in the United States," by Arturo Santamaría Gómiz, Voices of Mexico, No. 50, January 2000, pps. 48–51; ISSN 0186-9418
  5. US Popular Print Culture: 1860–1920, Vol. 6, Christine Bold (ed.), Oxford University Press (2011), pg. 467; OCLC 727942262
  6. "Ignacio E. Lozano: The Mexican Exile Publisher Who Conquered San Antonio and Los Angeles," American Journalism Vol. 21, No. 1, Winter 2004, pg. 75
  7. "La Prensa Marks 38th Anniversary," San Antonio Express, February 14, 1951
  8. The Quest for Tejano Identity in San Antonio, Texas, 1913–2000, by Richard A. Buitron, Routledge (2004), pg. 40; OCLC 57387708
  9. "The Mexican Revolution and the Spanish-Language Press in the Borderlands," by Richard Griswold del Castillo, PhD (born 1942), Journalism History, California State University, Northridge, Department of Journalism, Vol. 4, No. 2, Summer 1977, pps. 42–47; OCLC 698903190
  10. "The making of the Mexican-American Mind, San Antonio, Texas, 1929–1941: A Social and Intellectual History of an Ethnic Community," Richard A. Garcia, PhD, University of California, Irvine (1980), chapter 6; OCLC 8530711
  11. "La Opinión, A Mexican Exile Newspaper: A Content Analysis of Its First Years, 1926–1929," by Francine Medeiros, Aztlán, UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, Vol. 11, No. 1, Spring 1980, pps. 65–88; ISSN 0005-2604
  12. The Mexican Revolution: Conflict and Consolidation, 1910–1940 Douglas W. Richmond, Sam W. Haynes (eds.) published for the University of Texas at Arlington by Texas A & M University Press (2013), pps. 125–126; OCLC 843881910
  13. Hispanic-American Writers (new ed.), by Harold Bloom (ed), Chelsea House (2008), pg. 148; OCLC 815769603
  14. Struggling to Become American by Robin Santos Doak (born 1963), Chelsea House (2007), pg. 47; OCLC 70114402
  15. "La Prensa To Shut Down," San Antonio Light, June 14, 1957, pg. 20
  16. Making Latino News: Race, Language, Class, by América Beatrice Rodriguez, PhD, Sage Publications (1999), pg. 21; OCLC 41131628
  17. "Interview of Mónica Lozano," by Shirley Anne Biagi (born 1944), Oral History Project: Women In Journalism, Washington Press Club Foundation; OCLC 31726985
        Part 1, December 13, 1993
        Part 2, December 14, 1993
        Part 3, April 15, 1994
  18. "Stuck in Translation," by Sandra Hernandez, LA Weekly, June 17, 1999
  19. Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, Vicki L. Ruíz (born 1955) and Virginia Sánchez Korrol (born 1936) (eds.), Indiana University Press (2006), pps. 355 & 413; OCLC 74671044, 774669749; ISBN 978-0-253-34681-0
  20. "Development," Encyclopedia of Journalism, Christopher H. Sterling (born 1943) (ed.), Sage Publications (1999), pg. 833; OCLC 647893650
  21. "Celebrating cultural rebirth: the Alameda makes a comeback with carefully crafted 'dos culturas' exhibit," by Angela Covo, La Prensa de San Antonio, February 20, 2011
  22. "La Trascendental Importancia de los Periódicos Lozano," by Juan Sánchez Azcona (es), La Opinión June 24, 1929
  23. "Window on the Collections: La Prensa and the Mexican Workers of Bethlehem Steel," by Melissa M. Mandell, Pennsylvania Legacies, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Vol. 6, No. 2, November 2006, pps. 28–29; OCLC 5544010997, ISSN 1544-6360
  24. Horizons of the Sacred: Mexican Traditions in U.S. Catholicism, Timothy M. Matovina, PhD (born 1955), Gary L. Riebe-Estrella, S.T.D. (born 1946) (eds.), Cornell University Press (2002), pg. 35; OCLC 49519049
  25. El México de Afuera, by Federico Allen Hinojosa, San Antonio: Edited by Artes Graficas, San Antonio (1940); OCLC 7638099
  26. "Class Consciousness and Ideology — The Mexican Community of San Antonio, Texas: 1930–1940," by Richard A. Garcia, Aztlán, UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, Vol. 9, Nos. 1 & 2, 1978, pps. 23–69; ISSN 0005-2604
  27. "Mexico Bars Papers," Associated Press via the Binghamton Press, November 6, 1934, pg. 1, col. 7 (bottom)
  28. "Recovering and Re-Constructing Early Twentieth-Century Hispanic Immigrant Print Culture in the US," by Nicolás C. Kanellos, PhD, American Literary History, Oxford University Press, Vol. 19, No. 2, Summer, 2007, pps. 438–455 (retrieved February 20, 2015)
  29. Culture in the American Southwest: The Earth, the Sky, the People, by Keith L. Bryant, Tarleton State University, via Texas A&M University Press (2001), pg. 162; OCLC 44174328
  30. Silvestre Revueltas, by Blanca Espinosa Barco, booksafam at Wikispaces (booksafam.wikispaces.com) (retrieved February 20, 2015)
  31. Poesía y Prosa of José Gorostiza, Miguel Capistrán (es) and Jaime Labastida (es) (eds.) Mexico City: Siglo XXI Editores (es) (2007), pps. 228–231; OCLC 233690019
  32. "Francisco Agea Hermosa" (biography), February 2014 Grandes Músicos Mexicanos (on blogspot), February 2014 (retrieved February 20, 2015)
  33. "Revueltas in San Antonio and Mobile," by Robert LeRoy Parker (born 1929), Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana, University of Texas Press Vol. 23, No. 1, Spring–Summer 2002, pps. 114–130; ISSN 1536-0199 (retrieved February 20, 2015)
    Parker, retired from the University of Miami, is, among other things, a scholar on the life and works of Carlos Chávez
  34. "Porfirista Femininity in Exile: Women's Contributions to San Antonio's La Prensa, 1913–1929," (chapter 9, essay), by Nancy A. Aguirre, PhD, from the book, Women of the Right: Comparisons and Interplay Across Borders, Kathleen M. Blee & Sandra McGee Deutsch (eds.), Pennsylvania State University Press (2012), pps. 147–162; OCLC 745766007, 5559562206
  35. "The Roots of Tejano and Conjunto Music," liner notes, and photos from Arhoolie Records, Ideal/Arhoolie CD-341 (1991), presentation via UT Library Online by the General Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin (retrieved March 2, 2015); OCLC 593747887, 252818903
  36. Chicano Satire: A Study in Literary Culture, by Guillermo A. Hernández, PhD (1940–2006), University of Texas Press (1991), pps. 195–196; OCLC 22114654
  37. "González, Leonides," by Nora E. Ríos McMillan (born 1946), Handbook of Texas Online, uploaded June 15, 2010 (retrieved February 26, 2015)
    • "La Prensa Back Again," San Antonio Light, July 11, 1957, pg. 43
    • "Gonzalez's Father Dies at Age 90," San Antonio Express, January 5, 1966, pg. 1
    • "Editor Gonzalez Set the Standard," San Antonio Express, January 6, 1966, pg. 10-A
    • "Spanish-Language Press Had a Vital Role in San Antonio History," by Manuel Ruiz Ibañez (1910–1995), San Antonio Express-News, June 18, 1972, pg. 5-H
    • San Antonio Express-News, October 5–7, 1978
    • "Gonzalez of San Antonio" (part 2 of 5), by Ronnie Dugger, Texas Observer, Vol. 72, No. 7, April 11, 1980
  38. "Ex-Angeloan Heads La Prensa," Big Spring Daily Herald, December 4, 1959, pg. 2-A
  39. "Pilot Film of 'Gringo' to be Shown," Corpus Christi Caller-Times, November 29, 1959
  40. "Seguin Plant To Print San Antonio La Prensa," San Antonio Express, July 29, 1960, pg. 3A
  41. "News Notes and Personals," Land and Freedom Vol. 37, No. 4, July–August 1937, pg. 134; OCLC 9777687
  42. "Brinsmade, Robert Bruce," Who's Who on the Pacific Coast, Franklin Harper (ed.) (né Franklin C. Harper), Los Angeles: Harper Publishing Company (1913), pg. 70; OCLC 7360872
  43. "Exporting Rhetoric, Importing Oil: United States Relations With Venezuela," by Bethany Aram, PhD, World Affairs, Vol. 154, No. 3, Winter 1992, pps. 94–106
  44. "Miss Subways of '41, Meet Miss Subways of '71," by Enid Nemy, The New York Times, December 8, 1971
  45. "New Face is Added to Marital Blitz," The Philadelphia Inquirer, May 21, 1961
  46. Hispanic Immigrant Literature: El Sueño del Retorno, by Nicolás C. Kanellos, PhD, University of Texas Press, (2011), pg. 41; OCLC 744363021
  47. "Próspero: A Study Of Success From The Mexican Middle Class In San Antonio, Texas" (dissertation), by Sarita Molinar Bertinato, Texas A&M University, August 2012; OCLC 817970128
  48. Recovering the U. S. Hispanic Literary Heritage, Vol. 2, Erlinda Gonzales-Berry and Chuck Tatum (eds.), Arte Público Press (1996) pg. 266; OCLC 794492118
  49. "Hermanos de Raza: Alonso S. Perales and the Creation of the LULAC Spirit" (masters thesis), by Brandon H. Mila, University of North Texas (2013); OCLC 898348718
  50. "Spanish-Language Press Had a Vital Role in San Antonio History," by Manuel Ruiz Ibañez (1910–1995), San Antonio Express-News, June 18, 1972, pg. 5-H
  51. "Times' Starlight Was Bright Time," Archived 2015-02-17 at Archive.today by Odie Arambula (né Odilon None Arambula; born 1935), Laredo Morning Times (Hearst Corporation) madmax.lmtonline.com, March 26, 2006
  52. "Americo Paredes, a Pioneer In Chicano Studies, Dies at 83," by Joe Holley (né Douglas Joe Holley; born 1946), The New York Times, May 7, 1999
  53. Américo Paredes, by Manuel F. Medrano (born 1949), University of North Texas Press (2010), pg. 27; OCLC 671655045
  54. "Statement of Ownership, Management, Circulation, etc.", La Prensa (published pursuant to the Acts of August 24, 1912, and March 3, 1933)
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