L Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The L Legislature of the Mexican Congress met from 1976 to 1979. It consisted of senators and deputies who were members of their respective chambers. They began their duties on September 1, 1976 and ended on August 31, 1979.
The senators and deputies were elected to office in the 1976 elections. The senators were elected for a period of six years (so they maintained their seat in the next legislature), and the deputies were elected for a period of three years.
Members
The make up of the L Legislature was as follows:
Senate of the Republic
The members of the Mexican Senate were elected two from each state and the Federal District, giving a total of 64 senators. For the first time in history a senator was elected who did not belong to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).[1] Jorge Cruickshank García had been nominated by the PPS,[1] however the PRI did not lose this seat, because it formed an electoral alliance with the winning party. Thus this senator posed no opposition to the PRI or the government during his term.
Number of Senators by political party
| Party | Senators | |
|---|---|---|
.svg.png){kind=logo} | Institutional Revolutionary Party | 63 |
 | Popular Socialist Party | 1 |
The 64 Senators forming the L Legislature are the following:
Senators by state
| State | Senator | Party | State | Senator | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aguascalientes | Rodolfo Landeros Gallegos | | Nayarit | Leobardo Ramos Martínez | |
| Aguascalientes | Héctor Hugo Olivares Ventura[1] | | Nayarit | Daniel Espinoza Galindo | |
| Baja California | Rafael García Vázquez Replaced Roberto de la Madrid Romandía | | Nuevo León | Napoleón Gómez Sada | |
| Baja California | Oscar Baylón Chacón | | Nuevo León | Adrián Yáñez Martínez | |
| Baja California Sur | Alberto Alvarado Arámburo | | Oaxaca | Rodolfo Alaves Flores | |
| Baja California Sur | Víctor Manuel Liceaga Ruibal Replaced Marcelo Rubio Ruiz[lower-alpha 1] | | Oaxaca | Jorge Cruickshank García[1] | |
| Campeche | Rosa María Martínez Denegri Replaced Carlos Sansores Pérez | | Puebla | Horacio Labastida Muñoz | |
| Campeche | Joaquín Repetto Ocampo Replaced Fernando Rafful Miguel | | Puebla | Blas Chumacero | |
| Chiapas | Roberto Corzo Gay | | Querétaro | Rafael Camacho Guzmán | |
| Chiapas | Horacio Castellanos Coutiño | | Querétaro | Telésforo Trejo Uribe | |
| Chihuahua | Óscar Ornelas | | Quintana Roo | Vicente Coral Martínez | |
| Chihuahua | Mario Carballo Pazos | | Quintana Roo | José Blanco Peyrefitte | |
| Coahuila | Eliseo Mendoza Berrueto | | San Luis Potosí | Rafael Tristán López | |
| Coahuila | Gustavo Guerra Castaños | | San Luis Potosí | Francisco Padrón Puyou | |
| Colima | Griselda Álvarez | | Sinaloa | Hilda Anderson Nevárez | |
| Colima | Antonio Salazar y Salazar | | Sinaloa | Gilberto Ruiz Almada | |
| Durango | Ignacio Castillo Mena | | Sonora | Juan José Gastelum García | |
| Durango | Tomás Rangel Perales | | Sonora | Adolfo de la Huerta Oriol | |
| Guanajuato | Euquerio Guerrero López | | Tabasco | Antonio Ocampo Ramírez Replaced Carlos Pellicer | |
| Guanajuato | Jesús Cabrera Muñoz Ledo | | Tabasco | Nicolás Reynés Berazaluce Replaced David Gustavo Gutiérrez | |
| Guerrero | Jorge Soberón Acevedo | | Tamaulipas | Morelos Jaime Canseco González | |
| Guerrero | Alejandro Cervantes Delgado | | Tamaulipas | Martha Chávez Padrón | |
| Hidalgo | Humberto Lugo Gil | | Tlaxcala | Jesús Hernández Rojas | |
| Hidalgo | Vacant By leave of Guillermo Rossell de la Lama and Jorge Rojo Lugo | | Tlaxcala | Rafael Minor Franco | |
| Jalisco | José María Martínez Rodríguez | | Veracruz | Silverio Ricardo Alvarado | |
| Jalisco | Arnulfo Villaseñor Saavedra | | Veracruz | Sergio Martínez Mendoza | |
| State of Mexico | Leonardo Rodríguez Alcaine | | Yucatán | Víctor Cervera Pacheco | |
| State of Mexico | Gustavo Baz | | Yucatán | Graciliano Alpuche Pinzón | |
| Michoacán | José Luis Escobar Herrera Replaced Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano | | Zacatecas | Jorge Gabriel García Rojas | |
| Michoacán | Guillermo Morfín García | | Zacatecas | José Guadalupe Cervantes Corona | |
| Morelos | Angel Ventura Valle | | Federal District of Mexico | Luis del Toro Calero Replaced Hugo Cervantes del Río | |
| Morelos | Javier Rondero Zubieta | | Federal District of Mexico | Joaquín Gamboa Pascoe | |
Chamber of Deputies
In the L Legislature, the Chamber of Deputies was composed of a total of 238 deputies, of which 196 were elected by majority vote in each constituency and 41 more were deputies by party. These were allocated in proportion to the votes that the non-winning parties obtained in the districts.
The composition of the House of Representatives in the L Legislature was as follows:
Number of Deputies by political party
| Party | Deputies | |
|---|---|---|
| Institutional Revolutionary Party | 196[2] |
.svg.png){kind=logo} | National Action Party | 20[2] |
| Popular Socialist Party | 12[2] |
 | Partido Auténtico de la Revolución Mexicana | 9[2] |
Deputies from single-member districts (plurality)
| State | District | Deputy | Party | State | District | Deputy | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aguascalientes | 1 | Jesús Martínez Gortari | | México | 8 | Armando Labra Manjarrez | |
| Aguascalientes | 2 | Camilo López Gómez | | México | 9 | Juan Ortíz Montoya | |
| Baja California | 1 | Ricardo Eguía Valderrama | | México | 10 | José Luis García García | |
| Baja California | 2 | Alfonso Ballesteros Pelayo | | México | 11 | Guillermo Choussal Valladares | |
| Baja California | 3 | Alfonso Garzón Santibáñez | | México | 12 | Cecilio Salas Gálvez | |
| Baja California Sur | 1 | Víctor Manuel Peralta Osuna | | México | 13 | Pedro Ávila Hernández | |
| Baja California Sur | 2 | Agapito Duarte Hernández | | México | 14 | Armando Hurtado Navarro | |
| Campeche | 1 | Abelardo Carrillo Zavala | | México | 15 | Héctor Ximénez González | |
| Campeche | 2 | Jorge Muñoz Icthé | |
Michoacán | 1 | Nicanor Gómez Reyes | |
| Chiapas | 1 | Jaime Sabines | |
Michoacán | 2 | Antonio Jaimes Aguilar | |
| Chiapas | 2 | Fernando Correa Suárez | | Michoacán | 3 | Raúl Lemus García | |
| Chiapas | 3 | Homero Tovilla Cristiani | | Michoacán | 4 | Roberto Garibay Ochoa | |
| Chiapas | 4 | Manuel Villafuerte Mijangos | | Michoacán | 5 | Jaime Bravo Ramírez | |
| Chiapas | 5 | Gonzalo Esponda Zebadúa | | Michoacán | 6 | Eduardo Estrada Pérez | |
| Chiapas | 6 | Leonardo León Cerpa | |
Michoacán | 7 | Juan Rodríguez González | |
| Chihuahua | 1 | Alberto Ramírez Gutiérrez | | Michoacán | 8 | Héctor Terán Torres | |
| Chihuahua | 2 | Oswaldo Rodríguez González | | Michoacán | 9 | Roberto Ruiz del Río | |
| Chihuahua | 3 | José Reyes Estrada Aguirre | | Morelos | 1 | Antonio Riva Palacio López | |
| Chihuahua | 4 | Juan Ernesto Madera Prieto | | Morelos | 2 | Filomeno López Rea | |
| Chihuahua | 5 | Artemio Iglesias | |
Nayarit | 1 | Ignacio Langarica Quintana | |
| Chihuahua | 6 | José Refugio Mar de la Rosa | | Nayarit | 2 | María Hilaria Domínguez Arvizu | |
| Coahuila | 1 | José de las Fuentes Rodríguez | | Nuevo León | 1 | Carlota Vargas Garza | |
| Coahuila | 2 | Carlos Ortiz Tejeda | | Nuevo León | 2 | Heriberto Santos Lozano | |
| Coahuila | 3 | Fernando Cabrera Rodríguez | | Nuevo León | 3 | Raúl Caballero Escamilla | |
| Coahuila | 4 | Julián Muñoz Uresti | | Nuevo León | 4 | Eleazar Ruiz Cerda | |
| Colima | 1 | Ramón Serrano García | |
Nuevo León | 5 | Arturo Luna Lugo | |
| Colima | 2 | Fernando Moreno Peña | |
Nuevo León | 6 | Jesús Puente Leyva | |
| Federal District | 1 | Eduardo Andrade Sánchez[3] | | Nuevo León | 7 | Roberto Olivares Vera | |
| Federal District | 2 | José Salvador Lima Zuno | | Oaxaca | 1 | Lucía Betanzos de Bay | |
| Federal District | 3 | Carlos Riva Palacio Velazco | | Oaxaca | 2 | Gustavo Santaella Cortés | |
| Federal District | 4 | Enrique Ramírez y Ramírez | | Oaxaca | 3 | Ericel Gómez Nucamendi | |
| Federal District | 5 | Miguel Molina Herrera | | Oaxaca | 4 | Ernesto Aguilar Flores | |
| Federal District | 6 | Alfonso Rodríguez Rivera | | Oaxaca | 5 | Luis Candelario Jiménez Sosa | |
| Federal District | 7 | María Elena Márques de Torruco[4] | | Oaxaca | 6 | Heladio Ramírez López | |
| Federal District | 8 | Julio César Mena Brito | | Oaxaca | 7 | Zoraida Bernal de Badillo | |
| Federal District | 9 | Venustiano Reyes López | | Oaxaca | 8 | Julio Esponda Solana | |
| Federal District | 10 | Gloria Carrillo Salinas | | Oaxaca | 9 | Raúl Bolaños Cacho Guzmán | |
| Federal District | 11 | Jaime Aguilar Álvarez | | Puebla | 1 | Nicolás Pérez Pavón | |
| Federal District | 12 | Miguel López Riveroll | | Puebla | 2 | Jorge Domínguez Ramírez | |
| Federal District | 13 | Rodolfo González Guevara | | Puebla | 3 | Antonio Montes García | |
| Federal District | 14 | Jorge Mendicutti Negrete | | Puebla | 4 | Antonio Hernández Jiménez | |
| Federal District | 15 | Juan José Osorio Palacios | | Puebla | 5 | Sacramento Jofre Vázquez | |
| Federal District | 16 | Alfonso Argudín Laria | | Puebla | 6 | Antonio Tenorio Adame | |
| Federal District | 17 | Héctor Hernández Casanova | | Puebla | 7 | Guadalupe López Bretón | |
| Federal District | 18 | Hugo Díaz Velázquez | | Puebla | 8 | Jesús Sarabia y Ordóñez | |
| Federal District | 19 | Abraham Martínez Rivero | | Puebla | 9 | Jorge Murad Macluf Replaced Manuel Rivera Anaya | |
| Federal District | 20 | Jesús González Balandrano | | Puebla | 10 | Adolfo Rodríguez Juárez | |
| Federal District | 21 | Martha Andrade de Del Rosal | | Querétaro | 1 | Eduardo Ugalde Vargas | |
| Federal District | 22 | Ifigenia Martínez[5] | | Querétaro | 2 | Vicente Montes Velázquez | |
| Federal District | 23 | Enrique Soto Izquierdo | | Quintana Roo | 1 | Carlos Gómez Barrera | |
| Federal District | 24 | Enrique Álvarez del Castillo | | Quintana Roo | 2 | Emilio Oxte Tah | |
| Federal District | 25 | Celia Torres de Sánchez | | San Luis Potosí | 1 | Roberto Leyva Torres | |
| Federal District | 26 | Humberto Serrano Pérez[6] | | San Luis Potosí | 2 | Guadalupe Vega Macías | |
| Federal District | 27 | Hugo Roberto Castro Aranda | | San Luis Potosí | 3 | Víctor Maldonado Moreleón | |
| Durango | 1 | Ángel Sergio Guerrero Mier | | San Luis Potosí | 4 | Héctor González Lárraga | |
| Durango | 2 | Maximiliano Silerio Esparza | | San Luis Potosí | 5 | Eusebio López Sáinz | |
| Durango | 3 | Salvador Reyes Nevárez | | Sinaloa | 1 | Tolentino Rodríguez Félix | |
| Durango | 4 | José Ramírez Gamero | | Sinaloa | 2 | Felipe Armenta Gallardo | |
| Guanajuato | 1 | Esteban Mario Garaiz | | Sinaloa | 3 | Rafael Oceguera Ramos | |
| Guanajuato | 2 | Enrique Gómez Guerra | | Sinaloa | 4 | Antonio Toledo Corro | |
| Guanajuato | 3 | Juan Varela Mayorga | | Sinaloa | 5 | Patricio Robles Robles | |
| Guanajuato | 4 | Miguel Montes García | | Sonora | 1 | Ricardo Castillo Peralta | |
| Guanajuato | 5 | Aurelio García Sierra | | Sonora | 2 | César Augusto Tapia Quijada | |
| Guanajuato | 6 | Alfredo Carrillo Juárez | | Sonora | 3 | José Luis Vargas González | |
| Guanajuato | 7 | Enrique León Hernández | | Sonora | 4 | Bernabé Arana León | |
| Guanajuato | 8 | Graciela Meave Torrescano | | Tabasco | 1 | Luis Priego Ortiz | |
| Guanajuato | 9 | Donaciano Luna Hernández | | Tabasco | 2 | Roberto Madrazo Pintado | |
| Guerrero | 1 | Isaías Gómez Salgado | | Tabasco | 3 | Francisco Rabelo Cupido | |
| Guerrero | 2 | Isaías Duarte Martínez | | Tamaulipas | 1 | Abdón Rodríguez Sánchez | |
| Guerrero | 3 | Miguel Bello Pineda | | Tamaulipas | 2 | Oscar Mario Santos Gómez | |
| Guerrero | 4 | Hortensia Santoyo de Martínez | | Tamaulipas | 3 | Agapito González Cavazos | |
| Guerrero | 5 | Reveriano García Castrejón | | Tamaulipas | 4 | Aurora Cruz de Mora | |
| Guerrero | 6 | Salustio Salgado Guzmán | | Tamaulipas | 5 | Fernando San Pedro Salem | |
| Hidalgo | 1 | Ladislao Castillo Feregrino | | Tamaulipas | 6 | Julio Martínez Rodríguez | |
| Hidalgo | 2 | Luis José Dorantes Segovia | | Tlaxcala | 1 | Nazario Romero Díaz | |
| Hidalgo | 3 | Efraín Mera Arias | | Tlaxcala | 2 | Antonio Vega García | |
| Hidalgo | 4 | José Antonio Zorrilla Pérez | | Veracruz | 1 | Guilebaldo Flores Fuentes | |
| Hidalgo | 5 | Vicente Trejo Callejas | | Veracruz | 2 | Pericles Namorado Urrutia | |
| Jalisco | 1 | Guillermo Cosío Vidaurri | | Veracruz | 3 | Emilio Salgado Zubiaga | |
| Jalisco | 2 | Reynaldo Dueñas Villaseñor | | Veracruz | 4 | Manuel Gutiérrez Zamora Zamudio | |
| Jalisco | 3 | Félix Flores Gómez | | Veracruz | 5 | Seth Cardeña Luna | |
| Jalisco | 4 | Porfirio Cortés Silva | |
Veracruz | 6 | Carlos Manuel Vargas Sánchez | |
| Jalisco | 5 | José Mendoza Padilla | |
Veracruz | 7 | Daniel Nogueira Huerta | |
| Jalisco | 6 | Rigoberto González Quezada | | Veracruz | 8 | Celeste Castillo Moreno | |
| Jalisco | 7 | Ma. Refugio Castillón Coronado | | Veracruz | 9 | Mario Martínez Dector | |
| Jalisco | 8 | Ricardo Chávez Pérez | | Veracruz | 10 | Pastor Munguía González | |
| Jalisco | 9 | María Guadalupe Urzúa Flores | | Veracruz | 11 | Miguel Portela Cruz | |
| Jalisco | 10 | Francisco Javier Santillán Oceguera | | Veracruz | 12 | Mario Hernández Posadas | |
| Jalisco | 11 | Héctor Castañeda Jiménez | | Veracruz | 13 | Francisco Cinta Guzmán | |
| Jalisco | 12 | Rafael González Pimienta | | Veracruz | 14 | Juan Meléndez Pacheco | |
| Jalisco | 13 | Jesús Alberto Mora López | | Veracruz | 15 | Eduardo Thomae Domínguez | |
| México | 1 | Gildardo Herrera | | Yucatán | 1 | Mirna Hoyos Schlamme | |
| México | 2 | Josefina Esquivel de Quintana | | Yucatán | 2 | Rubén Calderón Cecilio | |
| México | 3 | José Delgado Valle | | Yucatán | 3 | Víctor Manzanilla Schaffer | |
| México | 4 | Arturo Martínez Legorreta | | Zacatecas | 1 | Gustavo Salinas Íñiguez | |
| México | 5 | José Martínez Martínez | | Zacatecas | 2 | Crescencio Herrera Herrera | |
| México | 6 | Rosendo Franco Escamilla | | Zacatecas | 3 | José Leal Longoria | |
| México | 7 | Julio Zamora Bátiz | | Zacatecas | 4 | Julián Macías Pérez | |
Deputies by party
| Deputy | Party | Deputy | Party | Deputy | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fausto Alarcón Escalona | | José Ortega Mendoza | | Eugenio Soto Sánchez | |
| Gonzalo Altamirano Dimas | | Francisco Pedraza Villarreal | | Rafael Campos López | |
| María Elena Álvarez Bernal | | Francisco José Peniche Bolio | | Víctor Manuel Carrasco | |
| Miguel Campos Martínez | | Adrián Peña Soto | | Felipe Cerecedo López | |
| Guillermo Carlos de Carcer | | Jacinto Silva Flores | | Alberto Contreras Valencia | |
| Jorge Garabito Martínez | | Juan Torres Ciprés | | Francisco Hernández Juárez | |
| Ramón Garcilita Partida | | Saúl Castorena Monterrubio | | Marcela Lombardo Otero | |
| Miguel Hernández Labastida | | Fortino Garza Cárdenas | | Jesús Luján Gutiérrez | |
| Guillermo Islas Olguín | | Pedro González Azcuaga | | Francisco Ortiz Mendoza | |
| Sergio Lujambio Rafols | | Raúl Guillén Pérez Vargas | | Román Ramírez Contreras | |
| Rosalba Magallón Camacho | | Manuel Hernández Alvarado | | Héctor Ramírez Cuéllar | |
| José Luis Martínez Galicia | | Edilio Hinojosa López | | Idelfonso Reyes Soto | |
| Tomás Nava de la Rosa | | Apolinar Ramírez Meneses | | Ezequiel Rodríguez Otal | |
| Teodoro Ortega García | | Arcelia Sánchez | |
Presidents of the high commission of the Camara of Deputies
- (1976 - 1977): Augusto Gómez Villanueva
- (1977 - 1979): Rodolfo González Guevara
- (1979): Antonio Riva Palacio López
Main accomplishments
It was the L Legislature that, in 1977, adopted the first political reforms to occur in Mexico. This reform, negotiated by Secretary of the Interior Jesús Reyes Heroles, included legal recognition of political organizations from the left, traditionally marginalized and pushed into armed struggle, especially after the events of 1968 and which degenerated into a dirty war during the 1970s.[7]
Legal reform, known formally as the Ley de Organizaciones Políticas y Procedimientos Electorales (LOPPE) (Law of Political Organizations and Electoral Procedures), defined and made possible procedures for the registration of new political parties (in 1977 legally there were only the PRI, the National Action Party) (PAN), the Popular Socialist Party (PPS) and the Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution (PARM)).[2] This allowed for the registration, for the first time in 40 years of the Mexican Communist Party, which was followed by the National Assembly of the Socialist Left, the Mexican Democratic Party and the Social Democratic Party.
In addition, the (LOPPE) increased the size of the Chamber of Deputies, increasing the number of electoral districts from 196 to 300, and establishing deputies by proportional representation, replacing the previous deputies by party.[7] There would be 100 such positions, resulting in the Chamber of Deputies, being composed of 400 deputies.[2]
gollark: Markov chains are actually bad and not good.
gollark: We were investigating neural network technology, indeed.
gollark: On that.
gollark: Yes, there is ongoing research.
gollark: No, it would have letters in it too.
Notes
- Rubio Ruiz died on 6 January 1977.
References
- Becerril, Andrés (11 February 2013). "Equipo forjado en la tribuna, curtidos en la arena legislativa". Excelsior. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
- Martinez, Sarah (May 8–9, 1999). "Changing campaign strategies in Mexico: The effects of electoral reforms on political parties" (PDF). Retrieved 1 June 2013.
- "H. Congreso del Estado de Veracruz". Retrieved 11 June 2013.
- "Falleció la primera actriz María Elena Marqués". El Siglo de Durango. 12 November 2008.
- "Consejeros Ciudadanos para dar seguimiento al plan para la prevención y el combate a la corrupción". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
- "Fallece Humberto Serrano Pérez, líder máximo de la CAM". Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
- Klesner, Joseph L. (28–31 August 1997). "Electoral reform in Mexico's hegemonic party system: Perpetuation of privilege or democratic advance?". Retrieved 31 May 2013.
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