LIVAC Synchronous Corpus

LIVAC is an uncommon language corpus dynamically maintained since 1995. Different from other existing corpora, LIVAC has adopted a rigorous and regular as well as "Windows" approach in processing and filtering massive media texts from representative Chinese speech communities such as Hong Kong, Macau, Taipei, Singapore, Shanghai, Beijing, as well as Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.[1] The contents are thus deliberately repetitive in most cases, represented by textual samples drawn from editorials, local and international news, cross-Formosan Straits news, as well as news on finance, sports and entertainment.[2] By 2019, 2.7 billion characters of news media texts have been filtered so far, of which 680 million characters have been processed and analyzed and have yielded an expanding Pan-Chinese dictionary of 2.3 million words from the Pan-Chinese printed media. Through rigorous analysis based on computational linguistic methodology, LIVAC has at the same time accumulated a large amount of accurate and meaningful statistical data on the Chinese language and their speech communities in the Pan-Chinese region, and the results show considerable and important variations.[3][4]

LIVAC
Screenshot
LIVAC Search System
LIVAC Word Search System
Initial releaseJuly 1995
Operating systemCross-platform
Available inEnglish, Traditional and Simplified Chinese
TypeCorpus
Websitewww.livac.org

The "Windows" approach is the most representative feature of LIVAC and has enabled Pan-Chinese media texts to be quantitatively analyzed according to various attributes such as locations, time and subject domains. Thus, various types of comparative studies and applications in information technology as well as development of often related innovative applications have been possible.[5][6] Moreover, LIVAC has allowed longitudinal developments to be taken into account, facilitating Key Word in Context (KWIC) and comprehensive study of target words and their underlying concepts as well as linguistic structures over the past 20 years, based on variables such as region, duration and content. Results from the extensive and accumulative data analysis contained in LIVAC have enabled the cultivation of textual databases of proper names, place names, organization names, new words, and bi-weekly and annual rosters of media figures. Related applications have included the establishment of verb and adjective databases, the formulation of sentiment indices, and related opinion mining, to measure and compare the popularity of global media figures in the Chinese media (LIVAC Annual Pan-Chinese Celebrity Rosters, later renamed as the Pan-Chinese Media Personalities Rosters)[7][8][9] and construction of monthly new word lexicons (LIVAC Annual Pan-Chinese New Word Rosters).[10][11][12] On this basis, the analysis of the emergence, diffusion and transformation of new words, and the publication of dictionaries of neologisms have been made possible.[13][14]

A recent focus is on the relative balance between disyllabic words and growing trisyllabic words in the Chinese language.[15]

Corpus data processing
  1. Accessing media texts, manual input, etc.
  2. Text unification including conversion from simplified to traditional Chinese characters, stored as Big5 and Unicode versions
  3. Automatic word segmentation
  4. Automatic alignment of parallel texts
  5. Manual verification, part-of-speech tagging
  6. Extraction of words and addition to regional sub-corpora
  7. Combination of regional sub-corpora to update the LIVAC corpus, and master lexical database

Labeling for data curation
  1. Categories used include general terms and proper names, such as: general names, surnames, semi titles; geographical, organizations and commercial entities, etc.; time, prepositions, locations, etc.; stack-words; loanwords; case-word; numerals, etc.
  2. Construction of databases of proper names, place names, and specific terms, etc.
  3. Generate rosters: "new word rosters", "celebrity or media personality rosters", "place name rosters", compound words and matched words
  4. Other parts of speech tagging for sub-database, such as common nouns, numerals, numeral classifiers, different types of verbs, and of adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles marking mood, onomatopoeia, interjection, etc.

Applications
  1. Compilation of Pan-Chinese dictionaries or local dictionaries
  2. Information technology research, such as predictive Chinese text input for mobile phones, automatic speech to text conversion, opinion mining
  3. Comparative studies on linguistic and cultural developments in the Pan-Chinese regions
  4. Language teaching and learning research, and speech-to-text conversion
  5. Customized service on linguistic research and lexical search for international corporations and government agencies
gollark: ```ruststruct Monad;```A monad.
gollark: Promises are quite monadic.
gollark: Praise Rust, etc, etc.
gollark: Then use Rust.
gollark: Better than Go.

See also

References
  1. Tsou, Benjamin; Lai, Tom; Chan, Samuel; and Wang, William S.-Y. (Eds). (1998). Quantitative and Computational Studies on the Chinese Language 《漢語計量與計算研究》. Language Information Sciences Research Centre, City University Press.
  2. Tsou, B. K., Kwong, O.Y. (Eds). (2015). Linguistic Corpus and Corpus Linguistics in the Chinese Context (Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series Number 25), Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
  3. Tsou, Benjamin. (2004). "Chinese Language Processing at the Dawn of the 21st Century", in C R Huang and W Lenders (eds) Language and Linguistics Monograph Series B: Frontiers in Linguistics I, pp.189–207. Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
  4. Tsou, B. K. (2017). Loanwords in Mandarin Through Other Chinese Dialects. In R. Sybesma, W. Behr, Y. Gu, Z. Handel, C.-T. Huang & J. Myers (Eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics (Vol. 2, pp. 641-647). Leiden; Boston: BRILL
  5. Tsou, Benjamin, and Kwong, Olivia. (2015). LIVAC as a Monitoring Corpus for Tracking Trends beyond Linguistics. In Tsou, Benjamin, and Kwong, Olivia., (eds.), Linguistic Corpus and Corpus Linguistics in the Chinese Context (Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series No.25). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, pp. 447-471.
  6. Tsou, Benjamin. (2016). Skipantism Revisited: Along with Neologisms and Terminological Truncation. In Chin, Chi-on Andy and Kwok, Bit-chee and Tsou, Benjamin K., (eds.), Commemorative Essays for Professor Yuen-Ren Chao: Father of Modern Chinese Linguistics. Taiwan: Crane Publishing. pp. 343-357.
  7. CityU releases 2015 LIVAC Pan-Chinese Media Personality Roster, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 28 December 2015.
  8. CityU releases 2016 LIVAC Pan-Chinese Media Personality Roster, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 02 January 2017.
  9. CityU releases 2019 LIVAC Pan-Chinese Media Personality Roster, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 07 January 2019.
  10. CityU releases 2014 Pan-Chinese New Word Rosters, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 12 February 2015.
  11. CityU releases 2015 LIVAC Pan-Chinese New Word Rosters, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 04 February 2016.
  12. CityU releases 2019 LIVAC Pan-Chinese New Word Rosters, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 09 January 2019.
  13. 鄒嘉彥、游汝杰（編）（2007），《21世紀華語新詞語詞典》（簡體字版），上海，復旦大學出版社。
  14. 鄒嘉彥、游汝杰（編）（2010），《全球華語新詞語詞典》，北京，商務印書館。
  15. 鄒嘉彥（2019），"泛華語地區多音節詞的近20年發展：從LIVAC大數據庫探討 (Developments if polysyllabic words in Pan-Chinese in the recent decades: Investigation based on LIVAC Big Database)"，《漢語歷史詞彙語法國際學術研討會(International Conference of Historical Investigations into Chinese words and Grammar)》，北京大學。
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