Kobuvirus

Kobuvirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Picornaviridae. Humans and cattle serve as natural hosts. There are currently six species in this genus including the type species Aichivirus A. Diseases associated with this genus include: gastroenteritis.[1][2] The genus was named because of the virus particles' lumpy appearance by electron microscopy; "kobu" means "knob" in Japanese.[3]

Kobuvirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Picornaviridae
Genus: Kobuvirus
Type species
Aichivirus A

Three species of the genus include Aichivirus A (formerly Aichi virus), Aichivirus B (formerly Bovine kobuvirus) and Aichivirus C (formerly Porcine kobuvirus) each possessing a single serotype. Canine kobuvirus belong to species Aichivirus A.[4] Aichi virus infects humans,[5][6] while bovine kobuvirus,[7] porcine kobuvirus[8][9] and canine kobuvirus, as suggested by their names, infects cattle, swine, dogs and cats.

In 2014 a novel caprine kobuvirus was characterised after isolation from a Korean black goat.[10]

Nucleic acid sequence analysis and RT-PCR are used prevalently as detection and genotyping methods of kobuvirus although, there are some other techniques such as EM, and ELISA.[11]

Virus particles

Viruses in Kobuvirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 8.25kb in length.[1] The molecular mass of a typical virion particle of this genus is typically eight to nine million. The virions of the viruses in this genus consist of capsids that are 27 to 30 nm in diameter.[5] The capsid is believed to consist of 12 capsomers and the capsid shell structure of these virions has a monolayer composition.[5] Using conventional electron microscopy, the structure of the capsid surface can be visualized.[5][6] The virus particles contain a single species of ssRNA. These virions have a sedimentation coefficient of 140–165 S20w. The particles are described to be “relatively stable” in vitro (in comparison to other viruses) and stable in acidic conditions of pH 3.5.[6] They have also been found to be insensitive to treatment with some chemicals including chloroform, ether and non-ionic detergents.[6]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
KobuvirusIcosahedralPseudo T=3Non-envelopedLinearMonopartite

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and viroporins. Human and cattle serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal–oral.[1]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
KobuvirusHumansNoneCell receptor endocytosisLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmOral–fecal; blood

Genetics

The viruses in this genus have single-stranded, linear non-segmented, positive-sense RNA genomes with lengths of approximately 8.2–8.3 kb.[6][7]

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References
  1. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  2. ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  3. Reuter G, Boros A, Pankovics P (January 2011). "Kobuviruses - a comprehensive review". Reviews in Medical Virology. 21 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1002/rmv.677. PMID 21294214.
  4. Carmona-Vicente N, Buesa J, Brown PA, Merga JY, Darby AC, Stavisky J, Sadler L, Gaskell RM, Dawson S, Radford AD (June 2013). "Phylogeny and prevalence of kobuviruses in dogs and cats in the UK". Veterinary Microbiology. 164 (3–4): 246–52. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.014. PMC 7127238. PMID 23490561.
  5. Yamashita T, Kobayashi S, Sakae K, Nakata S, Chiba S, Ishihara Y, Isomura S (November 1991). "Isolation of cytopathic small round viruses with BS-C-1 cells from patients with gastroenteritis". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 164 (5): 954–7. doi:10.1093/infdis/164.5.954. PMID 1658159.
  6. Yamashita T, Sakae K, Tsuzuki H, Suzuki Y, Ishikawa N, Takeda N, Miyamura T, Yamazaki S (October 1998). "Complete nucleotide sequence and genetic organization of Aichi virus, a distinct member of the Picornaviridae associated with acute gastroenteritis in humans". Journal of Virology. 72 (10): 8408–12. doi:10.1128/JVI.72.10.8408-8412.1998. PMC 110230. PMID 9733894.
  7. Yamashita T, Ito M, Kabashima Y, Tsuzuki H, Fujiura A, Sakae K (November 2003). "Isolation and characterization of a new species of kobuvirus associated with cattle". The Journal of General Virology. 84 (Pt 11): 3069–3077. doi:10.1099/vir.0.19266-0. PMID 14573811.
  8. Reuter G, Boldizsár A, Kiss I, Pankovics P (December 2008). "Candidate new species of Kobuvirus in porcine hosts". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (12): 1968–70. doi:10.3201/eid1412.080797. PMC 2634637. PMID 19046542.
  9. Reuter G, Boldizsár A, Pankovics P (2009). "Complete nucleotide and amino acid sequences and genetic organization of porcine kobuvirus, a member of a new species in the genus Kobuvirus, family Picornaviridae". Archives of Virology. 154 (1): 101–8. doi:10.1007/s00705-008-0288-2. PMID 19096904.
  10. Oem JK, Lee MH, Lee KK, An DJ (August 2014). "Novel Kobuvirus species identified from black goat with diarrhea". Veterinary Microbiology. 172 (3–4): 563–7. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.009. PMID 24984842.
  11. Khamrin P, Maneekarn N, Okitsu S, Ushijima H (2014). "Epidemiology of human and animal kobuviruses". Virusdisease. 25 (2): 195–200. doi:10.1007/s13337-014-0200-5. PMC 4188179. PMID 25674585.
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