Karur

Karur (Tamil: [kaɾuːɾ]) is a city in Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Karur is the administrative headquarters of Karur district. It is located on the banks of River Amaravathi in the Kongunadu region of Tamil Nadu. Karur is well known for the export of Home Textile products to USA and Europe so well known as Textile export hub. It is situated at about 395 kilometres (245 mi) southwest of the state capital Chennai and 295 kilometres away from Bengaluru.

This article is about a City in Tamil Nadu, India. For its namesake district, see Karur district.

Karur
City
Karur
Location in Tamil Nadu, India
Karur
Karur (India)
Coordinates: 10.95°N 78.08°E / 10.95; 78.08
Country India
StateTamil Nadu
RegionKongu Nadu
DistrictKarur
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • BodySpecial Grade Municipality
 • Member of ParliamentJothimani[1]
 • Member of Legislative AssemblyM. R. Vijayabhaskar[2]
Area
 • City30.96 km2 (11.95 sq mi)
Population
 • City234,506
Languages
 • OfficialTamil
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
639(xxx)
Telephone code91-(0)4324
Vehicle registrationTN 47

Karur has been ruled at different times, by the Murkala Cheras (before sangam period) before the kodungalur Cheras, Later Cholas, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Mysore Kingdom and the British.

Etymology

Karur is mentioned in inscriptions and literature by two names, Karuvoor and Vanji. Additionally, it has been referred to as: Adipuram, Tiruaanilai, Paupatheechuram, Karuvaippatinam, Vanjularanyam, Garbhapuram, Thiru vithuvakkottam, Bhaskarapuram, Mudivazhangu Viracholapuram, Karapuram, Aadaga maadam, Cherama nagar and Shanmangala Kshetram. Among them, the name Adipuram, meaning the first city seems to indicate that it was held as the foremost city by the medieval writers. It was also called Vanci moothur, the ancient city of Vanji. In the foreign notices of Ptolemy, it was called Karoura – an inland capital of the Cheras.[3]

History
See also: History of Karur
Tamil Brahmi inscription from Pugalur, near Karur

Karur is one of the oldest towns in Tamil Nadu and has played a very significant role in the history and culture of the Tamils. The history dates back to the Sangam period when it was a flourishing trade centre. Karur was built on the banks of river Amaravathi which was called Aanporunai during the Sangam days. According to Hinduism, Brahma began the work of creation here, which is referred to as the "place of the sacred cow."

Epigraphical, archaeological and literary evidence indicate that Karur was the capital of early Chera kings of Sangam age. The names of early Chera kings who ruled from Karur have been found in the rock inscriptions in Aaru Nattar Malai close to Karur. The Tamil epic Silapathikaram mentions that the famous Chera King Senguttuvan ruled from Karur. The archaeological excavations undertaken in Karur resulted in the excavation of mat-designed pottery, bricks, mud-toys, Roman coins, Chera coins, Pallava coins, Roman Amphorae, Rasset coated ware and rare rings.[4] Karur might have been the center for old jewellery-making and gem setting (with the gold imported mainly from Rome), as seen from various excavations. In 150 CE, Greek scholar Ptolemy mentioned "Korevora" (Karur) as a very famous inland trading center in South India.[5] It was ruled by the Cheras, Western Gangas, Cholas, the Vijayanagara Nayaks, Tipu Sultan and the British successively.[3]

Karur municipality was constituted in 1874. It was upgraded to a I grade municipality on 24.10.69, upgraded to selection grade municipality on 24.05.1988, and upgraded to a special grade municipality on 07.04.1988. The town is very expanded now, with 48 wards, much like a city corporation.[6]

Geography and climate

Karur is located at 10.95°N 78.08°E / 10.95; 78.08[7] and has an average elevation of 101 metres (331 feet). The town is located in Karur district of the South Indian state, Tamil Nadu, at a distance of 370 km (230 mi) from Chennai. Karur is located on the banks of Amaravathi river. The topography is almost plain, with no major geological formation. There are no notable mineral resources available in and around the town. The soil types are black and red that are conducive for common crops in the Cauvery delta. The temperature ranges from a maximum of 39 °C (102 °F) to a minimum of 17 °C (63 °F). Like the rest of the state, April to June are the hottest months and December to January are the coldest. Karur receives an average of 590–600 mm (23–24 in) annually, which is lesser than the state average of 1,008 mm (39.7 in). The South west monsoon, with an onset in June and lasting up to August, brings scant rainfall since Karur being a rainshadow region. The bulk of the rainfall comes during summer months (late April, May) and the North East monsoon in the months of October, November and December.[3][8]

The prevailing climate in Karur is known as a local steppe climate. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as BSh. The average temperature in Karur is 28.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 590–600 mm. The driest month is March. There is 8 mm of precipitation in March. Most precipitation falls in October, with an average of 166 mm. The precipitation varies 158 mm between the driest month and the wettest month. The average temperatures vary during the year by 5.9 °C. With an average of 31.5 °C, May is the warmest month. In December, the average temperature is 25.6 °C.

Climate data for Karur
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 31.1
(88.0)		 33.7
(92.7)		 36.2
(97.2)		 37.0
(98.6)		 37.1
(98.8)		 35.6
(96.1)		 34.3
(93.7)		 34.2
(93.6)		 33.9
(93.0)		 32.5
(90.5)		 30.7
(87.3)		 29.4
(84.9)		 33.8
(92.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 25.8
(78.4)		 27.5
(81.5)		 29.7
(85.5)		 31.3
(88.3)		 31.5
(88.7)		 30.6
(87.1)		 29.6
(85.3)		 29.4
(84.9)		 29.1
(84.4)		 28.1
(82.6)		 26.6
(79.9)		 25.6
(78.1)		 28.7
(83.7)
Average low °C (°F) 20.5
(68.9)		 21.3
(70.3)		 23.2
(73.8)		 25.7
(78.3)		 26.0
(78.8)		 25.6
(78.1)		 24.9
(76.8)		 24.6
(76.3)		 24.3
(75.7)		 23.7
(74.7)		 22.5
(72.5)		 21.8
(71.2)		 23.7
(74.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 11.5
(0.45)		 9.2
(0.36)		 8.3
(0.33)		 32.4
(1.28)		 63.5
(2.50)		 17.1
(0.67)		 30.2
(1.19)		 44.6
(1.76)		 63.2
(2.49)		 166.3
(6.55)		 86.3
(3.40)		 61.0
(2.40)		 593.6
(23.38)
Average rainy days 2 1 1 3 5 2 3 4 6 10 9 6 52
Source 1: Climate-Data.org[9]
Source 2: rainy days

Demographics
Religious census
Religion Percent(%)
Hindu
 
 91.41%
Muslim
 
 5.62%
Christian
 
 2.88%
Sikh
 
 0.01%
Buddhist
 
 0.01%
Other
 
 0.07%
No religion
 
 0.01%

Karur urban area is the 15th Populous city in the state of Tamil Nadu. Karur City Area divided into Three Regions Karur, Inam karur and Thanthoni Region which is further divided into 12 divisions. Currently Karur City has population about 234,506, with a sex-ratio of 1,032 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.[10] A total of 6,147 were under the age of six, constituting 3,162 males and 2,985 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 12.11% and .08% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 81.71%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[10] The city had a total of 49344 households. There were a total of 30,216 workers, comprising 125 cultivators, 181 main agricultural labourers, 469 in household industries, 26,660 other workers, 2,781 marginal workers, 24 marginal cultivators, 82 marginal agricultural labourers, 140 marginal workers in household industries and 2,535 other marginal workers.[11] As of 2001, 13 slums were identified in the town.[12] As per the religious census of 2011, Karur (M) had 91.41% Hindus, 5.62% Muslims, 2.88% Christians, 0.01% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.07% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.[13]

The city covers an area of 30.96 square kilometres (11.95 sq mi). More than 8% of the total population of the Karur district and 25% of the total urban population in the district resides in the town. The town has a large floating population. Out of the total area, 86.85% of the land is marked developed and 37.63% of the city remains undeveloped. Residential areas make up 39.41% of the town's total area while commercial enterprises and industrial units make up 4.72% and 1.99% respectively.[14]

The population density of the city in the 2001 census was 128 persons per hectare and the average household size was 3.95 as of 2001. Hindus form the majority of the urban population, followed by Muslims and Christians. Tamil is the main language spoken in the city, but the use of English is relatively common; English is the medium of instruction in most educational institutions and offices in the service sector.[15]

Municipal administration and politics
Municipality officials
ChairmanNot Elected
CommissionerL. Gopalakrishnan[16]
Vice-ChairmanNot Elected
Elected members
Member of Legislative AssemblyM.R.Vijaya baskar[17]
Member of ParliamentJothimani

Karur is the headquarters of the Karur District. The town was constituted as a municipality in 1874, promoted to first-grade during 1969, selected-grade during 1983 and special-grade as of 1988. The Karur municipality has 48 wards and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards.[18] The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.[19] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 48 members, one each from the 60 wards.[20] The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.[21]

Karur is a part of the Karur assembly constituency and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years.[22] From the 1977 elections, All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) won the assembly seat five times (in 1977, 1980, 1984, 1991, 2006 and 2011 elections) and two times by Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK, 1989 and 1996) and Indian National Congress (INC) won once during 2001 elections. The current MLA of Karur constituency is M.R.Vijaya baskar from the ADMK party.[17][23]

Karur is a part of the Karur (Lok Sabha constituency). From 1957, the Karur parliament seat was held by the Indian National Congress for eight times (during 1957, 1962, 1967, 1971, 1977, 1980, 1984 and 2019 elections), ADMK for six times (during 1989, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2009 and 2014 elections), Tamil Maanila Congress once (during 1996 elections) and Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam once (during the 2004 elections). [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is S.Jothimani from Indian National Congress.[37]

Law & Order

Law and order in the city in maintained by the Karur sub division of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Superintendent of Police. There are 4 police stations for law and order, 2 for traffic and 1 all women police station and more than 10 police outpost in the city, There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police.[38]

Arts, society and culture
See also: Arts in Karur
Panorama view of Karur Pasupateeswarar temple from the inside

The town formed a part of the traditional Chera and Chola empires and has a number of exquisitely sculpted temples. Karuvurar born in medieval Karur, is one among the nine devotees who sung the divine Music Thiruvichaippa, which is the ninth Thirumurai. He is the single largest composer among the nine authors of Thiruvichaippa. He lived during the reign of the Chola king Raja Raja Chola I. In addition to the Pasupatheeswarar Siva temple, there is a Vishnu temple at Thiruvithuvakkodu suburb of Karur, sung by famous Kulasekaraazhvaar (7th-8th century). The same temple is presumably mentioned in epic Silappadikaram as Adaha maadam Ranganathar whose blessings Cheran Senguttuvan sought before his north Indian expedition.[39][40]

Jeeva Samadhi

Sadasiva Brahmendra Jeeva Samadhi Temple - Sadasiva Brahmendra was a saint who lived in the eighteenth century in Tamil Nadu. Sadasiva Brahmendra was born to highly religious parents Somasundara Avadhani and Parvati in Madurai. It is said that his mother Parvati was initiated into Rama japa and advised to chant it crores of times so that every cell in her body was charged with the nama. A child born to her in this state would become an exalted mahaan or saint. The couple prayed for a child to Ramanathaswamy in the famous temple in Rameshwaram and the son born named Sivaramakrishnan.

At the age of 17, he was married but left home soon after to pursue his true calling. He went to Tiruvenkadu to meet his guru Paramasivendra Saraswati under whose tutelage he became a brilliant scholar well versed in the Vedas. He authored several Sanskrit works which include commentaries on the Brahma Sutras and Patanjali's Yoga Sutras.

Sadasiva Brahmendra attained Jeeva Samadhi in 1750 A.D. near Karur. He fulfilled the wish of his ardent disciple Raja Vijaya Raghunatha Thondaiman that he should settle down in land that belonged to the king. Here the river Kaveri flows south (dakshina) which adds to the sanctity of the place. Before he was immersed in Jeeva Samadhi, Sadasiva Brahman had clearly stated that on the ninth day following his Jeeva Samadhi, a holy bilva tree (bael tree) would grow above his head. On the tenth day a Brahmachari would bring a sivalingam from Kasi (Varanasi) which should be consecrated 12 feet in front of the bilva tree. All the incidents came to pass exactly as predicted. The Raja of Pudukottai built a temple in which the lingam was consecrated and arranged for regular pujas to be done at the temple and at the Jeeva Samadhi of the Guru.[41]

The temple is exactly 10 kilometers from Karur .[42]

Economy
Mill view of TNPL, Karur

The town has about 19% of its total area under agricultural land use. The major crops are rice, cotton, sugar cane and oil seeds, while the major horticultural crops are coconut, banana, betel and mango. The town is the commercial centre for trading of agricultural commodities from the nearby towns and villages. Karur, being the headquarters of the district, has registered growth in tertiary sectors, with a corresponding decrease in the primary sector. Approximately 80 per cent of the workforce is employed in tertiary sector, 17 per cent in primary sector and 4% in secondary sector activities.[43]

Karur is a major home textile centre and has five major product groups — bed linens, kitchen linens, toilet linens, table linens and wall hangings. The city generates around ₹10000 crores[More than 1.5 Billion US$ in foreign exchange through direct and indirect exports. Major importers are Wallmart, Sears in the US, IKEA in Sweden and other major retailers in the UK. Allied industries like ginning and spinning mills, dyeing factories and weaving employ around 300,000 people in and around Karur.[44] Hand-loom Exports from Karur began on a modest scale with just 15 exporters in 1975.[43] Karur is also home to an integrated textile park, ₹190 crore Karur Textile Park Limited (KTPL) a premier facility of its kind in the country for its technical and ancillary facilities.[45]

Karur is a major hub for Bus Body [coach] building in South India, with a major market share of almost 70% of bus coaches being built here locally. . The total business turnover from building bus coaches is estimated to be around ₹1000 crore per annum.

About 60% of mosquito nets in India are manufactured in Karur. About 2000 units are engaged in making High-density polyethylene (HDPE) mono filament yarn and associated products and employ about 50,000 people.[46]

Bharat Petroleum Corporation formed a joint venture with Petronet CCK and has installed a pipeline facility from Cochin to Karur for transporting petroleum products. The petroleum products received at the BPCL-Karur terminal in Athur is supplied to more than 20 districts of Tamil Nadu through tanker trucks.[47]

TNPL promoted by the Government of Tamil Nadu with loan assistance from the World Bank, located near Karur, is the largest producer of bagasse (sugarcane waste from Sugar mills) based paper in the world and the second-largest paper producer in Asia. The firm produces 230,000 tonnes of printing and writing paper and consumes 1 million tonnes of bagasse every year.

Chettinad group has established a wet process cement plant at Puliyur near Karur with a capacity of 1.7 MTPA.[48]

Banking

Karur Vysya Bank and Lakshmi Vilas Bank, Leading Old generation private banks started by the trader community to meet their working capital financing needs, have their headquarters in Karur. Other than that, all major government and private banks had set up their branches at Karur.

Transport

Road

The Karur municipality maintains 59.02 km (36.67 mi) of roads. The city has 17.77 km (11.04 mi) concrete roads, 0.53 km (0.33 mi) WBM roads, 0.57 km (0.35 mi) gravel roads and 40.15 km (24.95 mi) bituminous road. A total of 9.51 km (5.91 mi) of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department and 7 km (4.3 mi) of national highways by the national highways department.[49][50]

There are 2 national highways namely the NH 44 (new numbering) National Highway 7 (India)(old numbering) (Varanasi - Kanyakumari road (now called NSC North–south corridor road NH 44) and NH 67 Nagapattinam - Gudalur road that pass via Karur. It connects the city with all other parts of the country.

Karur bus stand is a B-grade bus stand located in the center of the town. The State Express Transport Corporation operates long-distance buses connecting the city to important cities like Chennai, Bangalore, Thiruvananthapuram, Thirupathi, Nagercoil, etc. Apart from this, Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates city and moffusil busses from Karur to other parts of Tamil Nadu and neighbourhood states. Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation and Kerala State Road Transport Corporation also operates few busses to and from Karur. Karur is situated at the centre of Tamil Nadu so you can reach any part of Tamil Nadu within seven hours.

Railway
Entrance of Railway station

Karur Junction railway station (station code - KRR) is one of the railway junctions under the Salem division of the Indian Railways network. It is one of the major railway station in Southern Railways and also an A grade junction in salem division. Almost All trains to various part of the country halts here. It has 5 active Platforms and 7 broad gauge electrified tracks, that forms the intersection between Erode-Tiruchirapalli, Erode-Madurai and Salem-Karur.[51][52][53][54] section.

Airport

The nearest local and international airport is the Tiruchirapalli International Airport, located 78 km, Coimbatore International Airport, located 121 km & Salem Airport, located 116 km away from the city.

Education

There are 72 government and private schools, 1 government arts college, and number of private arts and science, architecture, engineering, polytechnic, Teacher training, nursing, catering colleges and large number of engineering colleges are in and around Karur. Karur medical college has recently been established at the cost of 115 crores.

Utilities

Electricity supply to Karur is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The town along with its suburbs forms the Karur Electricity Distribution Circle. A Chief Distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters.[55] Water supply is provided by the Karur Municipality from the Cauvery river through Chinnandan Kovil head water work and Thirumanilaiyur water pumping station. In the period 2000–2001, a total of 7 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the town.[56]

As per the municipal data for 2011, about 45 metric tonnes of solid waste were collected from Karur every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping was carried out by the sanitary department of the Karur municipality. The coverage of solid waste management in the town by the municipality had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001.[57] There is no underground drainage system in the town and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.[58]

The municipality maintained a total of 115 km (71 mi) of storm water drains in 2011.[59] As of 2011, there is one government medical college hospital, one municipal dispensary, 19 private dispensaries, one ESI dispensary, one municipal Siddha centre, two Ayurvedic clinics, three private general clinics, one private skin care clinic, nine private ENT clinics and one private tuberclosis clinics that take care of the health care needs of the citizens.[60] As of 2011, the municipality maintained a total of 2,584 street lamps: 706 sodium lamps, 151 mercury vapour lamps, 2,274 tube lights and three high mast beam lamp.[61] The municipality operates three markets, namely the Gandhi Market, Kamaraj Market and Uzhavar Santhai that cater to the needs of the town and the rural areas around it.[62]

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See also

Notes
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  2. http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members_address_e.pdf
  3. Urban Infrastructure Report 2006, p. 4
  4. R., Nagaswami (1995). Roman Karur: A peep into Tamil's past. Madras: Brahad Prakashan.
  5. "Chera Roman coins". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 4 February 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
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  9. "climate: Karur - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table - Climate-Data.org". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  10. "Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  11. "Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Karur". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  12. Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 60
  13. "Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu" (XLS). Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  14. Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp. 7-10
  15. Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. i
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  40. Iyengar, Mahavidwan R. Raghava (1932) [1918]. Azhwargal Kaala Nilai on Vithuvakkodu Ranganathar temple. University of Madras.
  41. Dreamtemples, Author (23 June 2016). "Nerur- Sri Sadasiva Brahmendral Adishtanam". Dream Temples. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
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  43. Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp. 11-13
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  50. Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp. 20-22
  51. "New train flagged off". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2 October 2013.
  52. "Mangalore-Puducherry Express train from this weekend". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 27 September 2013.
  53. Renganathan, L. (26 May 2013). "New passenger train chugs into grand reception at Karur junction". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  54. Renganathan, L. (5 June 2013). "Commuters demand more trains on Salem-Namakkal-Karur.Daily trains to Chennai, Bangalore, Ernakulam and Mysore.And weekly trains to Mumbai, Newdelhi, Jammutawi, Agra cantt, Bhopal and Hydrabad.Karur is one of the 'A' Grade sector junction among 4 stations in salem divisions &its sector.. It is connected with all major cities in india India's important train 'Satabti' express runs via Karur city(only satabti express for Tamil Nadu). Intercity trains to trichy everyday". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
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  58. Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 72
  59. Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 18
  60. Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 25
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References
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