Kōkako

The kōkako make up two species of endangered forest birds which are endemic to New Zealand, the North Island kōkako (Callaeas wilsoni)[1] and the presumably extinct (recently data deficient) South Island kōkako (Callaeas cinereus).[2][3][4] They are both slate-grey with wattles and have black masks.[5] They belong to a genus containing five known species of New Zealand wattlebird,[1] the other three being two species of tieke (saddleback) and the extinct huia.[3][5] Previously widespread, kōkako populations throughout New Zealand have been decimated by the predations of mammalian invasive species such as possums, stoats, cats and rats, and their range has contracted significantly.[3][4][6] In the past this bird was called the New Zealand crow; however, it is not a crow at all, but it looks like one from a distance.[7]

Kōkako
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Callaeidae
Genus: Callaeas
J.R. Forster, 1788
Species
  • Callaeas cinereus
  • Callaeas wilsoni

The spelling kokako (without a macron) is common in New Zealand English.

Taxonomy

The kōkako appears to be a remnant of an early expansion of passerines in New Zealand and is one of five species of New Zealand wattlebirds of the family Callaeidae, the others being two species of endangered tieke, or saddleback, and the extinct huia.[5] New Zealand wattlebirds have no close relatives apart from the stitchbird, and their taxonomic relationships to other birds remain to be determined.[8]

Description
North Island kōkako, closeup of head showing blue wattles

The North Island kōkako, Callaeas wilsoni has blue wattles (although this colour develops with age: in the young of this bird they are actually coloured a light pink).[4][5][9] The South Island kōkako, Callaeas cinereus, by contrast has largely orange wattles, with only a small patch of blue at the base.[4][5]

Behaviour

The kōkako has a beautiful, clear, organ-like song.[4][6] Its call can carry for kilometres. Breeding pairs sing together in a bell-like duet for up to an hour in the early morning.[4][5][9] Different populations in different parts of the North Island (if any populations of the South Island kōkako remain they are at present unknown) have distinctly different songs.

The kōkako is a poor flier and seldom flies more than 100 metres.[5] The wings of this species are relatively short and rounded.[4][9] It prefers to hop and leap from branch to branch on its powerful grey legs.[4][5][9] It does not fly so much as glide and when seen exhibiting this behaviour they will generally scramble up tall trees (frequently New Zealand podocarps such as rimu and matai) before gliding to others nearby.[9] Its ecological niche has been compared to that of a flying squirrel.[10] Its diet consists of leaves, fern fronds, flowers, fruit and invertebrates.[7][9]

Kōkako and humans

In Māori and modern New Zealand culture

Māori myth refers to the kōkako in several stories. In one notable story, a kōkako gave Māui water as he fought the sun by filling its plump wattles with water and offering it to Māui to quench his thirst.[3] Māui rewarded kōkako for its kindness by stretching its legs until they were lean, long and strong, so that kōkako could easily leap through the forest to find food.[3]

The kōkako appears on the reverse side of the New Zealand $50 note.[11]

A kōkako about to be released in the Hunua Ranges near Auckland
gollark: ... it *sometimes* says 0 and sometimes says a few other specific things?
gollark: `info->si_addr` isn't actually producing a consistent result of 0, which it should as I'm making my program derefereneajsbkjadbajsdakjsd `NULL`.
gollark: Hmm, I can't work out how to actually get the problematic memory address.
gollark: *reads C signal.h documentation for purposes only*
gollark: You could ship this as a library for people to statically link with their programs or `LD_PRELOAD` in.

See also

References
  1. "North Island Kokako Callaeas wilsoni". BirdLife International. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  2. "South Island Kokako Callaeas cinereus". BirdLife International. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  3. "Kōkako". Department of Conservation. New Zealand Government. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  4. "New Zealand Ecology - Kokako". TerraNature. Retrieved 2019-10-24.
  5. Olliver, Narena (2005). "Kokako". New Zealand Birds. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  6. "Kōkako Crowned Bird of the Year". Forest & Bird. 31 October 2016. Retrieved 2019-10-24.
  7. "North Island kokako". New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  8. Ewen, John G; Flux, Ian; Ericson, Per GP (2006). "Systematic affinities of two enigmatic New Zealand passerines of high conservation priority, the hihi or stitchbird Notiomystis cincta and the kokako Callaeas cinerea" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 281–84. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.026. PMID 16527495.
  9. "North Island Kokako". Tiritiri Matangi Open Sanctuary. Supporters of Tiritiri Matangi Inc. Retrieved 2019-10-24.
  10. Sewell, Matt (2019). Atlas of Amazing Birds. Pavilion Books. ISBN 9781843654629.
  11. "$50". Reserve Bank of New Zealand. Retrieved 2019-10-24.

Further reading
  • Murphy S.A., Flux I.A. and Double M.C. (2006) Recent evolutionary history of New Zealand's North and South Island Kokako (Callaeas cinerea) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Emu 106: 41–48.
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