Joseph Manton

Joseph Manton (6 April 1766 – 29 June 1835) was a British gunsmith who innovated sport shooting, improved weapon quality and paved the way for the modern artillery shell. Manton was a sport shooter in his own right and a friend of Colonel Peter Hawker.[1]

For the English cricketer, see Joseph Manton (cricketer).

Joseph Manton
Joe Manton (stood foreground) talking to Colonel Peter Hawker, 1 September 1827.
Born	Joseph Manton (1766-04-06)6 April 1766 Grantham, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
Died	29 June 1835(1835-06-29) (aged 69) London, England
Occupation	Inventor, gunsmith

Gunsmith

From 1780-1781, Manton was first apprenticed to a gunmaker in Grantham, Newton. He worked under his elder brother John from 1781 onward.[2] He produced around 100 weapons annually, including both cased duelling pistols and shotguns.[3]

Tube lock

In the early-19th century, Manton invented the tube (or pill) lock, an improvement over Alexander Forsyth's scent-bottle lock.[4] Rather than storing a reserve of fulminate in a container, they now used single-use pellets or pills. The hammer of the gun was sharpened; when it fell, it crushed the tube/pellet, causing the fulminates to detonate.

Although more reliable than Forsyth's design and adopted by many sportsmen during the Regency period (and a variant for the Austrian army),[5] it was quickly overshadowed by the percussion cap, which was adopted by the armies of Britain, France, Russia, and America to replace the flintlock.[6]

Artillery

The greater part of Manton's career was spent at loggerheads with the British Army. Manton managed to interest the army in purchasing a larger version of his wooden cup design[7] to be used in rifled artillery. Manton worked tirelessly to improve cannon's firing accuracy. He created a new type of ammunition. First, the ammunition was loaded in a rifled cannon. Secondly, the cannonball was attached to the wooden cup that fitted into the rifled grooves of the cannon, which was in turn connected to a sack of gunpowder, thus eliminating the need for powder and shot to be loaded separately. The idea of fixing the powder behind the shot in a disposable cartridge is the basis for modern bullet design. It helped pave the way for breech-loading weaponry.

Lost sale

The army provided Manton a cannon and funding, and in return expected a greatly improved weapon. Manton's design was superior, although an argument over payment caused the army to declare it of little benefit. A row erupted over how Manton was to be paid; he believed the agreement was to be a £30,000 lump sum. The army argued that since they had already invested money (sunk costs) into research and development, they did not want to pay such a huge amount of money for a design that had not been field tested. Manton patented his design, forcing the Army to deal. The army offered him one farthing for each shell they produced, but Manton refused this offer. Surprisingly for Manton, the army stood its ground. Manton was frightened that he had spent time and money (including some of his own) developing a weapon that the army would not use. The Army rejected his offer, whereby the army could make the shells without paying royalties, while Manton would make the wooden cups. His design was more reliable than Forsyth's design and adopted by many sportsmen during the Regency period (and by the Austrian army).

After more than a decade of unsuccessful legal battles, Manton lost his vast fortunes and was declared bankrupt in 1826. His Oxford Street workshop was seized and his stock of guns bought by Joseph Lang, an aspiring gun dealer whose company would eventually become part of Atkin, Grant and Lang.[8] Lang is credited with opening one of the first shooting schools in the premises adjoining the Royal Theatre Haymarket.

Legacy

Manton's weapons remain some of the most highly sought-after designs of the flintlock age and can fetch more at auction than Holland & Holland's shotguns. His workforce included James Purdey (who went on to found Purdey's), Thomas Boss, William Greener, Charles Lancaster and William Moore. These five established major gun firms.[9]

References

1. Kings Of The Trigger - Biographical Sketches Of Four Famous Sportsmen: The Rev. W.B. Daniel, Colonel Peter Hawker, Joe Manton and Captain Horatio Ross, by Thormanby, Published 1901, London
2. Joseph Manton, Gunmaker, London (1766-1835) Archived 27 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Museum Victoria
3. "...a cased pair of Joseph Manton dueling pistols that produced the top price of the collection", Antiques Trade Gazette
4. Kinard, J, Pistols an illustrated history (2004) p.52-54
5. "The story of the Augustin tube lock ignition system", CapAndBall.eu
6. Ricketts, H, Firearms (London, 1962)
7. Spencer, Ian (April 2013). "Joseph Maton is Back" (PDF). josephmantonlondon.com.
8. "Atkin Grant & Lang | History". 10 January 2006. Archived from the original on 10 January 2006. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
9. British Association of Shooting and Conservation magazine, Jan/Feb 2009