Jimsar County

Jimsar County is a county in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. It contains an area of 8,149 km2 (3,146 sq mi). According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 130,000.

Jimsar County

吉木萨尔县
جىمىسار ناھىيىسى

Jimasa; Fuyuan
County
Location of Jimsar County (pink) in Changji Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang (light grey)
Coordinates: 43°59′N 89°04′E
CountryPeople's Republic of China
Autonomous regionXinjiang
Autonomous prefectureChangji Hui Autonomous Prefecture
Township-level divisions4 towns
4 townships
County seatJimsar Town (吉木萨尔镇)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Jimsar County
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese吉木萨尔县
Traditional Chinese吉木薩爾縣
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese孚远县
Traditional Chinese孚遠縣
Uyghur name
Uyghurجىمىسار ناھىيىسى‎

Near the town of Jimsar are the ruins of the ancient city of Beiting (Chinese: 北庭; pinyin: Běitíng) or Ting Prefecture (Chinese: 庭州; pinyin: Tíngzhōu), the headquarters of the Beiting Protectorate during the 8th century. It was later known as Beshbalik and became one of the capitals of the Uyghur Khaganate and then the Kingdom of Qocho.

History

The name Beshbalik first appears in history in the description of the events of 713 in the Turkic Kul Tegin inscription.[1] It was one of the largest of five towns in the Uyghur Khaganate in Mongolia.[2] The Tibetans briefly held the city in 790.[3] Established in 1902 as a county, it was known as Fuyuan (孚远) until 1952, when its name was changed to Jimsar.

The modern city Jimsar is located at 43°59'N, 89°4'East; It is a location of the Uyghur ancient southern capital Beshbalik or Beshbalyk. In modern Turkish "Beşbalık (or "Beshbalyk") literally means "Five Fishes", the closest approximation of "Beshbalyk" would be "Beş" (five) and "Baylık" (Beylik in modern Turkish meaning Principality) so it would be written as "Beşbeylik" in modern Turkish). However, not like today's meaning, "Balıq" means city in old turkik language, so the meaning of Beshbalik/Beshbalıq is "Five cities". This city name appeared in Yuan dynasty record as both 五城(Wǔ Chéng, means 5 cities) or 别失八里(bié shī bā lǐ). It became the Uyghur main capital after a disastrous results of the Yenisei Kirghiz attack on the Uyghur northern capital Karabalgasun (Khanbalyk).

After the attack, a significant part of the Uyghur Khaganate population fled to the area of the present Jimsar County and Tarim Basin in general in 840,[4] where they founded the Kingdom of Qocho. The Uyghurs submitted to Genghis Khan in 1207. Beshbalik consisted of five parts: an outer town, the northern gate of the outer town, the extended town of the west, the inner town and a small settlement within the inner town. At first, the city was the political center of the Uyghur Idiquit (monarch) and his Mongol queen, Altalun, daughter of Genghis Khan under the Mongol Empire in the first half of the 13th century.[5] Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called "Right Alan Guard" which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former Kingdom of Qocho and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih).[6] Due to military struggles between the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan Dynasty during the reign of Kublai Khan, the city was abandoned and lost its prosperity in the late 13th century. The History of Yuan records the name as both Wu-ch'eng 五城 (5 cities) and Bie-shi-ba-li 别失八里.[7]

Jimsar city was established in the south of the ruins of Beshbalik.[8]

Notes
  1. Bosworth, M.S.Asimov-History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4, Part 2, p.578
  2. C. E. Bosworth, M.S.Asimov, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4, Part 2, p.578, line-23
  3. Denis Sinor-The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, Volume 1, p.319
  4. C. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, 2009, pp. 148, 159
  5. Jack Weatherford, The Secret History of the Mongol Queens
  6. Morris Rossabi (1983). China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries. University of California Press. pp. 255–. ISBN 978-0-520-04562-0.
  7. Bretschneider, E. (1876). Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia. Trübner & Company. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 1 December 2014.Bretschneider, E. (1876). "ARTICLE IV. Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia". Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10. Contributor Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch. The Branch. pp. 79–80. Retrieved 1 December 2014.Bretschneider, E.; Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai (1876). "ARTICLE IV. Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia". Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10. Contributor Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch. Kelly & Walsh. pp. 79–80. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  8. Paul Allan Mirecki, Jason BeDuhn, Emerging from Darkness: Studies in the Recovery of Manichaean Sources, p. 106
gollark: (or, well, some programs on it)
gollark: How do I know my computer's not got awareness?
gollark: How can you *measure* that?
gollark: It's not like there seems to be any "conservation of intelligence" law; how would that even work?
gollark: It seems to have been.

References
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