Jean-Baptiste Faure

Jean-Baptiste Faure (French: [ʒã.ba'tist foʁ]) (15 January 1830 – 9 November 1914)[1] was a celebrated French operatic baritone and an art collector of great significance. He also composed a number of classical songs.

Jean-Baptiste Faure photographed at the height of his operatic career in Paris and London
Unfinished portrait of Jean-Baptiste Faure by Édouard Manet
Jean-Baptiste Faure as Hamlet, painted by Édouard Manet in 1877

Singing career

Faure was born in Moulins. A choirboy in his youth, he entered the Paris Conservatory in 1851 and made his operatic debut the following year at the Opéra-Comique, as Pygmalion in Victor Massé's Galathée. He remained at the Opéra-Comique for over seven years, singing baritone roles such as Max in Adolphe Adam's Le chalet and Michel in Thomas's Le caïd. During this time he also created the Marquis d'Erigny in Auber's Manon Lescaut (1856) and Hoël in Meyerbeer's Le pardon de Ploërmel (1859; later known as Dinorah), among seven premieres at that house.[2]

He made his debut at the Royal Opera House, London, in 1860 as Hoël, and at the Paris Opera in 1861. He would sing at the Opera every season until 1869 and then again in 1872-76 and 1878. In addition, he continued to perform off and on in London until 1877 at venues such as Her Majesty's Theatre and the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.

Among the many operas in which he appeared in Paris were Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Don Giovanni as well as L'étoile du nord, Les Huguenots and La favorite.

He also made history by creating several important operatic roles written by such prominent composers as Giacomo Meyerbeer, Giuseppe Verdi and Ambroise Thomas. They included the leading baritone parts in L'Africaine, Don Carlos and Hamlet (in 1865, 1867, and 1868 respectively).

His last stage appearances are recorded as taking place in Marseilles and Vichy in 1886.

Voice

Faure possessed a dark, smooth yet flexible baritone voice, which he used with impeccable skill and taste. He was a sophisticated interpretive artist, too, and all these accomplishments combined to make him one of the most significant figures to have appeared on the French musical stage during the 19th century. He wrote two books on singing, La Voix et le Chant (1886) and Aux Jeunes Chanteurs (1898), and also taught at the Paris Conservatory from 1857 to 1860.

The greatest of Faure's French heirs were the lyric bass Pol Plançon (1851-1914)—who modelled his vocal method directly on that of Faure—and Jean Lassalle (1847-1909), who succeeded Faure as principal baritone at the Paris Opera. Both Plançon and Lassalle made a number of recordings during the early 1900s, and their cultivated performances for the gramophone preserve key elements of Faure's singing style and technique.

Two non-commercial—and possibly unique—brown wax cylinders exist that are thought to be private recordings of Faure singing at around 70 years of age. Though there is no specific documentation of these recordings, one—a rendition of "Jardins de l'Alcazar... Léonor! viens" from Donizetti's La favorite—begins with an announcement (from either the singer or the (Pathé) recording engineer): "Le grand air du baryton!" Pathé and other French recordings from this era nearly always began with an announcement such as "Le sérénade de Don Juan, de Mozart, chanté par [baryton Jean] Lassalle, de l'Opéra!". The affectionate honorific in the supposed Faure cylinder recording only makes sense for a man of advanced years who is so beloved, celebrated, and revered by a general public that he need not even be named. The proliferation of documentation about Faure's standing as such points wholly and only to him. The choice of aria is almost certainly a clue as to the authenticity of the recording, as well. Alphonse of La favorite was one of Faure's most important roles—one with which he toured the provinces of France in 1877, just after his retirement from the stage. He gained enormous critical and popular notoriety from those who hadn't had a chance to hear him in Paris or London. His performances of this role would have left a lasting impression on the public and the press, and the aria was likely chosen for recording as an allusion to that time. A sampling of writing about Faure in this role and specifically this recitative and aria:

His voice is skilled in rendering the most violent as well as the gentlest emotions; and right royal is the way in which he sings the "Jardins de l'Alcazar"[...]

— critic, Journal de Bordeaux, March 1877

It was before a house crowded to the ceiling that the celebrated baritone sang the part of Alphonse in a manner thoroughly justifying the brilliant ovation of which he was the object[...] Only those persons who have heard the great artist in La Favorite can have any notion how much Donizetti's music gains in value and charm by such an interpreter. M. Faure is an exceptional singer, possessed of an admirable voice; he is also a first-rate actor. With what authority he sang the grand air of the second act, 'Palais [sic] de l'Alcazar'! What a striking expression of despite and irony he infused into the romance of the third act, 'Pour tant d'amour...'!

— critic, Le Progrès, February 12, 1877

Other achievements

In addition, Faure composed several enduring songs, including a "Sancta Maria", "Les Rameaux" ("The Palms") and "Crucifix". (These latter two songs were recorded by Enrico Caruso, among others.) In 1876 he dedicated his valse-légende "Stella" to his sometime leading lady at the Paris Opéra, Gabrielle Krauss.[3]

An avid collector of impressionist art, Faure sat for multiple portraits by Édouard Manet and owned 67 canvases by that painter, including the masterpiece Le déjeuner sur l'herbe and The Fifer. He also owned Le pont d'Argenteuil and 62 other works by Claude Monet. Part of his collection (which also contained paintings by Degas, Sisley, Pissarro, Ingres and Prud'hon) was kept at his villa "Les Roches" in Étretat, whose famous cliffs he commissioned Claude Monet to paint 40 times.[4]

Faure died of natural causes in Paris in 1914, during the early months of World War I. According to his obituary in the New York Times, he had been made an officer of the Légion d'honneur. He was married to the singer Constance Caroline Lefèbvre (1828-1905).

Roles

This list of known roles contains duplicates where Faure sang in an alternate language. Years indicate the debut of the role into his repertoire.[5]

Sortable table
Role Opera Composer Year
Amleto Amleto (Hamlet in Italian) Ambroise Thomas 1871
Alfonso D'Este, Duke of Ferrara Lucrezia Borgia Gaetano Donizetti 1876
Alphonse XI, King of Castille La favorite Gaetano Donizetti 1860
Assur Semiramide Gioachino Rossini 1875
Borromée Marco Spada Daniel Auber 1853
Cacico Il Guarany Antônio Carlos Gomes 1872
Charles VII Jeanne d'Arc Auguste Mermet 1872
Crèvecœur Quentin Durward François-Auguste Gevaert 1858
Don Giovanni Don Giovanni Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1861
Don Juan Don Juan (Don Giovanni in French) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1866
Dulcamara L'elisir d'amore Gaetano Donizetti 1864
Falstaff Le songe d'une nuit d'été Ambroise Thomas 1854
Fernando La gazza ladra Gioachino Rossini 1860
Figaro Le nozze di Figaro Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1866
Gaspard Der Freischütz Carl Maria von Weber 1872
Guillaume Tell Guillaume Tell Gioachino Rossini 1861
Hamlet Hamlet Ambroise Thomas 1868
Hoël Le pardon de Ploërmel Giacomo Meyerbeer 1859
Hoël Dinorah (Le pardon de Ploërmel in Italian) Giacomo Meyerbeer 1860
Iago Otello Gioachino Rossini 1870
Il conte di Nevers Gli Ugonotti (Les Huguenots in Italian) Giacomo Meyerbeer 1876
Julien de Médicis Pierre de Médicis Józef Michal Poniatowski 1861
Justin Le chien du jardinier Albert Grisar 1855
Le Comte de Nevers Les Huguenots Giacomo Meyerbeer 1863
Le duc de Greenwich Jenny Bell Daniel Auber 1855
Le Marquis d'Hérigny Manon Lescaut Daniel Auber 1856
Lotario Mignon Ambroise Thomas 1870
Lysandre Joconde ou Les coureurs d'aventures Nicolas Isouard 1857
Malipieri Haydée Daniel Auber 1853
Max Le chalet Adolphe Adam 1853
Méphistophélès Faust Charles Gounod 1863
Michel Le caïd Adolphe Adam 1852
Nélusko L'Africaine Giacomo Meyerbeer 1865
Paddock La coupe du roi de Thulé Eugène Diaz 1873
Pedro La mule de Pedro Victor Massé 1863
Peters Michaeloff (Peter the Great) L'étoile du nord Giacomo Meyerbeer 1854
Pharaon Moïse et Pharaon Gioachino Rossini 1863
Pietro La stella del nord (L'étoile du nord in Italian) Giacomo Meyerbeer 1864
Pietro La muette de Portici Daniel Auber 1863
Pietro Masaniello (La muette de Portici in Italian) Daniel Auber 1853
Pietro Manelli La Tonelli Ambroise Thomas 1853
Polus La fiancée de Corinthe Jules Duprato 1867
Pygmalion Galathée Victor Massé 1852
Riccardo I puritani Vincenzo Bellini 1863
Rodolfo La sonnambula Vincenzo Bellini 1864
Rodrigue, Marquis of Posa Don Carlos Giuseppe Verdi 1867
St. Bris Gli Ugonotti (Les Huguenots in Italian) Giacomo Meyerbeer 1860
Torrida Marco Spada Daniel Auber 1854
Valbreuse Le sylphe Louis Clapisson 1856
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References
  1. Baker, Theodore; rev. by Nicolas Slonimsky (1994) The Concise Edition of Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians; 8th ed. New York: Schirmer Books, p. 289.
  2. Soubies, A. & Malherbe, C. Histoire de l'Opéra comique; La seconde salle Favart 1840–1887. Flammarion, Paris, 1893.
  3. "Stella (Faure, Jean-Baptiste)". imslp.org.
  4. in Sophie Monneret, L'Impressionnisme et son époque, Denoël, 1978
  5. De Curzon, Henri. "Jean-Baptiste Faure" (translated by Theodore Baker), The Musical Quarterly, Vol IV, No. 2 (April 1918), pp. 271–281 (at the Internet Archive). New York: Schirmer Books.
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