JavaScript engine

A JavaScript engine is a computer program that executes JavaScript (JS) code. The first JavaScript engines were mere interpreters, but all relevant modern engines utilize just-in-time compilation for improved performance.[1]

JavaScript engines are typically developed by web browser vendors, and every major browser has one. In a browser, the JavaScript engine runs in concert with the rendering engine via the Document Object Model.

The use of JavaScript engines is not limited to browsers. For example, the Chrome V8 engine is a core component of the popular Node.js and Deno runtime systems.

Since ECMAScript (ES) is the standardized specification of JavaScript, ECMAScript engine is another name for these engines.

History

The first JavaScript engine was created by Brendan Eich in 1995 for the Netscape Navigator web browser. It was a rudimentary interpreter for the nascent language Eich invented. (This evolved into the SpiderMonkey engine, still used by the Firefox browser.)

The first modern JavaScript engine was V8, created by Google for its Chrome browser. V8 debuted as part of Chrome in 2008, and its performance was much better than any prior engine.[2][3] The key innovation was just-in-time compilation, which can significantly improve execution times.

Other browser vendors needed to overhaul their interpreters to compete.[4] Apple developed the Nitro engine for its Safari browser, which had 30% better performance than its predecessor.[5] Mozilla leveraged portions of Nitro to improve its own SpiderMonkey engine.[6]

Since 2017, these browsers have added support for WebAssembly. This enables the use of pre-compiled executables for performance-critical portions of page scripts. The JavaScript engines execute WebAssembly code in the same sandbox as regular JavaScript code.

Notable engines

Further information: List of ECMAScript engines

• V8 from Google is the most used JavaScript engine. Google Chrome and the many other Chromium-based browsers use it, as do applications built with CEF, Electron, or any other framework that embeds Chromium. Other uses include the Node.js and Deno runtime systems.
• SpiderMonkey is developed by Mozilla for use in Firefox and its forks. The GNOME Shell uses it for extension support.
• JavaScriptCore is Apple's engine for its Safari browser. Other WebKit-based browsers also use it. KJS from KDE was the starting point for its development.[7]
• Chakra is the JavaScript engine of the Internet Explorer browser. It was also forked by Microsoft for the original Edge browser, but Edge was later rebuilt as a Chromium-based browser and thus now uses V8.[8][9]
• Hermes is developed by Facebook for Android apps using the React Native framework.[10]

References

1. Looper, Jen (2015-09-21). "A Guide to JavaScript Engines for Idiots". Telerik Developer Network. Retrieved 2016-03-17.
2. "Big browser comparison test: Internet Explorer vs. Firefox, Opera, Safari and Chrome". PC Games Hardware. Computec Media AG. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
3. "Lifehacker Speed Tests: Safari 4, Chrome 2". Lifehacker. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
4. "Mozilla asks, 'Are we fast yet?'". Wired. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
5. Safari 5 Released
6. Shankland, Stephen (2010-03-02). "Opera 10.5 brings new JavaScript engine". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
7. Stachowiak, Maciej (November 9, 2008). "Companies and Organizations that have contributed to WebKit". WebKit Wiki. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
8. Belfiore, Joe (2020-01-15), New year, new browser – The new Microsoft Edge is out of preview and now available for download, Microsoft
9. "Microsoft Edge and Chromium Open Source: Our Intent". Microsoft Edge Team. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
10. Tung, Liam (2019-07-12), Facebook just released this new open source JavaScript engine, ZDNet