Japanese river otter

The Japanese river otter (Japanese: ニホンカワウソ(日本川獺 ー, Hepburn: Nihon-kawauso) (Lutra lutra whiteleyi)[1] is an extinct variety of otter formerly widespread in Japan. Dating back to the 1880s, it was even seen in Tokyo. The population suddenly shrank in the 1930s, and the mammal nearly vanished. Since then, it has only been spotted several times, in 1964 in the Seto Inland Sea, and in the Uwa Sea in 1972 and 1973. The last official sighting was in the southern part of Kōchi Prefecture in 1979, when it was photographed in the mouth of the Shinjo River in Susaki. It was subsequently classified as a "Critically Endangered" species on the Japanese Red List.[2] On August 28, 2012, the Japanese river otter was officially declared extinct by the Ministry of the Environment.[3][4] It is the official animal symbol of Ehime Prefecture.[5] In February 2017, a wild otter was caught on camera on Tsushima Island, Nagasaki Prefecture. However, it is not known whether the observed otter was a Japanese river otter.[6]

Japanese river otter
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Mustelidae
Genus: Lutra
Species:
L. lutra
Subspecies:
L. l. whiteleyi
Trinomial name
Lutra lutra whiteleyi
Gray, 1867
Synonyms

Lutra nippon Suzuki, 1996

Skeleton of Japanese river otter. Exhibit in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo

Taxonomy

Several genetic studies have suggested that the Japanese river otter should be treated as a distinct species Lutra nippon rather than a subspecies of Lutra lutra.[7] However, this reclassification is not yet generally accepted in the absence of further verification.[8]

Description

Fully grown, a Japanese river otter was between 65 and 80 cm (25.5 and 31.5 in) long, with a tail measuring 45 to 50 cm (17.5 to 19.5 in). It had a thick, lush coat of dark brown fur with short webbed feet. In addition the river otter has two types/sets of fur. Data has shown that the river otter would shed their under fur fully from May to August. After the shedding of the under fur, the otter shed their guard hair from August to November. This allowed them to adjust to the seasons changing.[9] The otter had a lifespan of up to 25 years.[5]

Ecology and biology

Habits

A nocturnal creature, an otter only left its den after dark to forage for food. Claiming a territory about ten miles in diameter, it marked the area with its droppings about one to three miles apart and sets up three or four nests under rocks or inside bushes. The otters were always on the move, visiting each den only once every three to four days. They were considered an adult after only one year. They would then venture on their own, but continue in solitude unless ready to mate.[10]

Reproduction

In general, the Japanese river otter was ready to reproduce when they were two to three years old. In addition, the males sought out the females in the reproduction process. Besides during reproduction and with the exception of young males staying with their mother for a range of two to three years until they were mature, female otters and male otters did not generally live together. When a male otter calls out to a female otter, she must give him permission for the mating. If she does not, the male would move onto the next female otter. For the male to know that the female is interested in mating, the female will roll around with the male, which releases hormones. The Japanese river otter could have anywhere from one to six offspring per litter. Once born, the baby otters are completely blind for a month, leaving them utterly helpless. The female otter makes for a great mother; nursing her young for up to eight hours a day, as well as teaching them valuable lessons and protecting them. After the pups are around the age of four months, the mother otter will introduce her youth to solid food and start to teach them how to hunt.[11]

Diet

Like most otters, the Japanese river otter was not an especially picky eater. While it primarily fed on fish, crab, and shrimp; it also ate eels, beetles, watermelons, and sweet potatoes. Many of these Japanese otters eat about 15% to 25% of their own body weight. Many otters spend around six hours to find food because of their difficult living space and their competition for food. The Japanese otter was known as one of the top carnivores in the aquatic food chain.

Cause of extinction

In the past, there were thousands of river otters in Japan. Starting in the Meiji period, the government of Japan adopted a policy of increasing wealth and military prowess. Animal pelts thus became very valuable since they could be exported for money. As a result, Japanese river otters started to be hunted throughout the country. Their numbers soon dwindled. Populations made a slight comeback after the creation of hunting regulations.[12] Even so, pollution and human development then harmed their environment and resources to build their habitats. This pollution terminated their food sources in the rivers, causing them to hunt in more dangerous settings.[10] These causes grew rapidly, resulting in the extinction of the Japanese river otter in the late 20th century.[13]

Efforts to prove its existence

Throughout the 1990s, there were several attempts to locate a surviving Japanese river otter.

In December 1991, the Environmental Agency of Japan in partnership with the Kochi prefectural government assembled a research team of experts and began their search. In March 1992, the research group found hair and excrement in Kochi Prefecture and believed to have come from an otter. Also found were three footprints, and ten additional excrement samples. After an analysis of a cross-section of the hair, the researchers determined that it came from an otter. An official from the agency's wildlife protection section stated that the hair was "scientifically solid evidence that confirms the existence of the Japanese Otter."

In 1994, zoological experts visited the area where the excrement was found. They discovered remains of the animal's urine, which the animal is believed to leave during its courtship. The prefectural government of Kochi set up an infrared camera for six months from October 1994 to April 1995 in an effort to capture it on film, but all that was recorded were animals such as raccoon dogs.

Between March 4 and 9, 1996, a group of zoo officials, municipal government officials and animals lovers from across the country searched for the river otter in the areas where finds have been made in the past. Such areas included coastal areas in Susaki, areas along the Niyodo River running through Sakawacho and Inocho, and coastal areas along Shimanto River. No evidence of the animal's existence was found.

Among these, the presumed sighting reported in Kochi by a local artist with a detailed sketch was regarded "highly trustable" by Yoshihiko Machida, an emeritus professor at the Kōchi University in 2009.[14] Dr. Machida also pointed that the previous studies by the prefecture had been restricted only among coastal areas and thus not filling the definition of extinct species by IUCN. Regarding this, a survey was conducted by Ehime Prefecture in 2014, noting several recent sightings.[15]

In February 2017, a wild otter was filmed alive on Tsushima Island in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. However, it is not known whether the observed otter was a Japanese river otter.[16]

Genetic studies

Research done in the early 1990s by the Department of Biology of Kochi University in Japan revealed some interesting facts about the genes of the Japanese River Otter. For many years, it was thought that the Japanese river otter was a subspecies of the Eurasian otter Lutra lutra. However, the studies done in Kochi University revealed something different. By comparing the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene of a mummified Japanese river otter corpse with Eurasian otters from Latvia and China, it was proven that the Japanese river otter was actually different, and was therefore not a subspecies. The name for the Japanese river otter was then changed from L. l. whiteleyi to Lutra nippon.[7]

Other uses

The Japanese river otter was used as medicine to help cure tuberculosis. Typically a dosage that would last about 40 days would cost roughly $300 US dollars.[17] Beginning in the early 20th century, the otter pelts were used for military purposes as well. In 1929, the government established the "Hunters Association" which called upon people to hunt and skin these otters, which was one of the main causes of their eventual extinction.[17]

In culture

The Japanese river otter was named the official animal symbol of Japan's Ehime Prefecture, a region of Japan in northwestern Shikoku.[5]

gollark: Would it be useful to add general coroutine examples or does that go elsewhere?
gollark: I'll document coroutine.yield.
gollark: If I remember correctly, it actually just passes it up to coroutine.yield, which makes coroutine.resume return that filter.
gollark: Filter's only one argument though.
gollark: Oh, yes, the output is.

References
  1. Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6
  2. "Red List of Threatened Mammals of Japan". Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
  3. "Japanese river otter declared extinct". Mainichi jp. Japan: The Mainichi Newspapers. August 28, 2012. Archived from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  4. Kyodo News, "Japanese river otter declared extinct", The Japan Times, August 29, 2012, p. 1
  5. "Japanese River Otter Facts".
  6. Jiji.com.
  7. Suzuki, Tomohiko; Yuasa, Hajime; Machida, Yoshihiko (1996). "Phylogenetic position of the Japanese river otter Lutra nippon inferred from the nucleotide sequence of 224 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene". Zoological Science. 13 (4): 621–626. doi:10.2108/zsj.13.621. hdl:10126/3553. PMID 8940916.
  8. Yamamoto, K.; Ando, M. (2011). Trends in otter-related newspaper articles in Japan over 135 years (PDF) (Report). Group Bulletin. 28. IUCN Otter Specialist. pp. 31–34.
  9. Blundell, Gail M.; Ben-David, Merav; Bowyer, R. Terry (2002). "Sociality in river otters: cooperative foraging or reproductive strategies?". Behavioral Ecology. 13 (1): 134–141. doi:10.1093/beheco/13.1.134.
  10. Mueller, Jennifer. "Extinct Otters". PawNation. Demand Media. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  11. "Otter Reproduction." Otter Facts and Information. BioExpedition.com, n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2014. <http://www.otter-world.com/otter-reproduction/>.
  12. Motokazu, Ando (2012). Lake Biwa: Interactions between Nature and People. New York: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-94-007-1782-4.
  13. Epstein, Mike. "Japanese River Otter Declared Extinct After Three Decades". The Mary Sue. The Mary Sue. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  14. The Mainichi Shimbun. 2017. ニホンカワウソ　２００９年に目撃情報. Retrieved on April 12, 2017
  15. Ehime Prefecture. ニホンカワウソ生息状況調査事業 調査概要（26 年度） (pdf). Retrieved on April 12, 2017
  16. "Wild otter filmed alive in first Japan sighting since 1979". The Japan Times Online. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  17. Motokazu, Ando. "Extinction of Japanese River Otter" (PDF). Retrieved October 24, 2014.
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