Jack LaLanne

Francois Henri "Jack" LaLanne (pronounced /lə'leɪn/ "luh-layn" French /lalan/ "lah-lahn"; September 26, 1914 – January 23, 2011) was an American fitness and nutrition guru and motivational speaker. He described himself as being a "sugarholic" and a "junk food junkie" until he was age 15. He also had behavioral problems, but "turned his life around" after listening to a public lecture about the benefits of good nutrition by health food pioneer Paul Bragg. During his career, he came to believe that the country's overall health depended on the health of its population, and referred to physical culture and nutrition as "the salvation of America".[1]

Jack LaLanne
LaLanne in March 1961
Born
Francois Henri LaLanne

(1914-09-26)September 26, 1914
San Francisco, California, U.S.
DiedJanuary 23, 2011(2011-01-23) (aged 96)
Morro Bay, California, U.S.
Resting placeForest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills, California, U.S.
OccupationFitness expert, television host, inventor, entrepreneur, motivational speaker
Years active1936–2009
Height5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)
TelevisionThe Jack LaLanne Show
Spouse(s)
Irma Navarre
​
(
m. 1942; div. 1948)

Elaine Doyle
(
m. 1959)
WebsiteOfficial website

Decades before health and fitness began being promoted by celebrities like Jane Fonda and Richard Simmons, LaLanne was already widely recognized for publicly preaching the health benefits of regular exercise and a good diet.[2] He published numerous books on fitness and hosted the fitness television program The Jack LaLanne Show from 1951 to 1985. As early as 1936, at age 21, he opened one of the nation's first fitness gyms in Oakland, California,[1] which became a prototype for dozens of similar gyms bearing his name.[3] One of his 1950s television exercise programs was aimed toward women, whom he also encouraged to join his health clubs.[1][4] He invented a number of exercise machines, including the pulley and leg extension devices and the Smith machine. Besides producing his own series of videos, he coached the elderly and disabled not to forgo exercise, believing it would enable them to enhance their strength.[1][4]

LaLanne also gained recognition for his success as a bodybuilder, as well as for his prodigious feats of strength. Arnold Schwarzenegger once exclaimed "That Jack LaLanne's an animal!" after a 54-year-old LaLanne beat then 21-year-old Schwarzenegger badly in an informal contest. On the occasion of LaLanne's death, Schwarzenegger credited LaLanne for being "an apostle for fitness" by inspiring "billions all over the world to live healthier lives",[5] and, as governor of California, had earlier placed him on his Governor's Council on Physical Fitness. Steve Reeves credited LaLanne as his inspiration to build his muscular physique while keeping a slim waist.

LaLanne was inducted to the California Hall of Fame and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[6]

Early life

LaLanne was born in San Francisco, California,[2][1] the son of Jennie (née Garaig; 1882–1973) and Jean/John LaLanne (1881–1939), French immigrants from Oloron-Sainte-Marie. Both entered the U.S. in the 1880s as young children at the Port of New Orleans. LaLanne had two older brothers, Ervil, who died in childhood (1906–1911), and Norman (1908–2005), who nicknamed him "Jack".[1] He grew up in Bakersfield, California and later moved with his family to Berkeley, California circa 1928. In 1939, his father died at the age of 58 in a San Francisco hospital,[7] which LaLanne attributed to "coronary thrombosis and cirrhosis of the liver". In his book The Jack LaLanne Way to Vibrant Health, LaLanne wrote that as a boy he was addicted to sugar and junk food.[8] He had violent episodes directed against himself and others, describing himself as "a miserable goddamn kid ... it was like hell".[9]

Besides having a bad temper, LaLanne also suffered from headaches and bulimia, and temporarily dropped out of high school at age 14. The following year, at age 15, he heard health food pioneer Paul Bragg give a talk on health and nutrition, focusing on the "evils of meat and sugar."[10] Bragg's message had a powerful influence on LaLanne, who then changed his life and started focusing on his diet and exercise.[11] In his own words, he was "born again", and besides his new focus on nutrition, he began working out daily (although while serving during World War II as a Pharmacist Mate First Class at the Sun Valley Naval Convalescent Hospital, LaLanne stated that he started in bodybuilding at "age 13").[12] Describing his change of diet, LaLanne stated, "I had to take my lunch alone to the football field to eat so no one would see me eat my raw veggies, whole bread, raisins and nuts. You don't know the crap I went through."[13]

Writer Hal Reynolds, who interviewed LaLanne in 2008, notes that he became an avid swimmer and trained with weights, and describes his introduction to weight lifting:

[LaLanne] found two men working out in a back room, who kept weights in a locked box. When he asked them if he could use their weights, they laughed at him and said, "Kid, you can't even lift those weights." So he challenged them both to a wrestling match with the bet that if he could beat them, they would give him a key to the box. After he beat them both, they gave him a key and he used their weights until he was able to buy his own.[13]

LaLanne went back to school, where he made the high school football team, and later went on to college in San Francisco where he earned a Doctor of Chiropractic degree. He studied Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body and concentrated on bodybuilding and weightlifting.[10]

Fitness career

Health clubs

In 1936, he opened the nation's first health and fitness club in Oakland, California,[10] where he offered supervised weight and exercise training and gave nutritional advice. His primary goal was to encourage and motivate his clients to improve their overall health. Doctors, however, advised their patients to stay away from his health club, a business totally unheard of at the time, and warned their patients that "LaLanne was an exercise 'nut,' whose programs would make them 'muscle-bound' and cause severe medical problems."[10] LaLanne recalls the initial reaction of doctors to his promotion of weight-lifting:

People thought I was a charlatan and a nut. The doctors were against me‍—‌they said that working out with weights would give people heart attacks and they would lose their sex drive.[4]

LaLanne designed the first leg extension machines, pulley machines using cables, and the weight selectors that are now standard in the fitness industry. He invented the original model of what became the Smith machine.[14] LaLanne encouraged women to lift weights (though at the time it was thought this would make women look masculine and unattractive). By the 1980s, Jack LaLanne's European Health Spas numbered more than 200. He eventually licensed all his health clubs to the Bally company, now known as Bally Total Fitness. Though not associated with any gym, LaLanne continued to lift weights until his death.

LaLanne's gym ownership led to a brief professional wrestling career in 1938. Wrestlers were among the few athletes who embraced weight training, and they frequented his health club. LaLanne wrestled in the Bay Area for only a few months. He was well respected enough that he was booked to wrestle to a draw against some big name opponents rather than lose, despite his lack of experience. According to Ad Santel's grandson David Ad Santel, LaLanne wanted to be a champion from the start, but did not have the wrestling skills to do so. LaLanne was also friendly with such performers as Lou Thesz and Strangler Lewis.

Books, television and other media
Jack LaLanne in 1961

LaLanne presented fitness and exercise advice on television for 34 years. The Jack LaLanne Show was the longest-running television exercise program. According to the SF Chronicle TV program archives, it first began on 28 September 1953 as a 15-minute local morning program (sandwiched between the morning news and a cooking show) on San Francisco's ABC television station, KGO-TV, with LaLanne paying for the airtime himself as a way to promote his gym and related health products. LaLanne also met his wife Elaine while she was working for the local station. In 1959, the show was picked up for nationwide syndication, and continued until 1985.

The show was noted for its minimalist set, where LaLanne inspired his viewers to use basic home objects, such as a chair, to perform their exercises along with him. Wearing his standard jumpsuit, he urged his audience "with the enthusiasm of an evangelist," to get off their couch and copy his basic movements, a manner considered the forerunner of today's fitness videos.[10][15]:watch In 1959, LaLanne recorded Glamour Stretcher Time, a workout album that provided phonograph-based instruction for exercising with an elastic cord called the Glamour Stretcher.[16] As a daytime show, much of LaLanne's audience were stay-at-home mothers. Wife Elaine LaLanne was part of the show to demonstrate the exercises, as well as the fact that doing them would not ruin their figures or musculature. LaLanne also included his dog Happy as a way to attract children to the show. Later in the run, another dog named Walter was used, with LaLanne claiming "Walter" stood for "We All Love To Exercise Regularly."

LaLanne published several books and videos on fitness and nutrition, appeared in movies, and recorded a song with Connie Haines. He marketed exercise equipment, a range of vitamin supplements, and two models of electric juicers.[17] These include the "Juice Tiger", as seen on Amazing Discoveries with Mike Levey, and "Jack LaLanne's Power Juicer".[18] It was on the show that LaLanne introduced the phrase "That's the power of the juice!" However, in March 1996, 70,000 Juice Tiger juicers, 9% of its models, were recalled after 14 injury incidents were reported.[18] The Power Juicer is still sold in five models.[19]

LaLanne celebrated his 95th birthday with the release of a new book titled, Live Young Forever.[20] In the book, he discussed how he maintained his health and activeness well into his advanced age.

Personal health routine

Diet

LaLanne blamed overly processed foods for many health problems. For most of his life, Jack was mostly vegetarian while including fish in his evening meal.[21] In his later years, he appeared to advocate a mostly meatless diet that included fish,[22][23] and took vitamin supplements.[24][25][26]

He ate two meals a day and avoided snacks. His breakfast, after working out for two hours, consisted of hard-boiled egg whites, a cup of broth, oatmeal with soy milk, and seasonal fruit. For dinner, he and his wife typically ate raw vegetables, egg whites, and fish. He did not drink coffee.[4]

Exercise

When exercising, LaLanne worked out repetitively with weights until he experienced "muscle fatigue" in whatever muscle groups he was exercising, or when it became impossible for him to go on with a particular routine. This is now a common practice and is most often referred to as "training to failure." LaLanne moved from exercise to exercise without stopping. To contradict critics who thought this would leave him tightly musclebound and uncoordinated, LaLanne liked to demonstrate one-handed balancing. His home contained two gyms and a pool that he used daily.[4]

LaLanne receiving a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007 at Muscle Beach in Venice Beach, California

He continued with his two-hour workouts into his 90s, which also included walking.[27]

He stated, "If I died, people would say 'Oh look, Jack LaLanne died. He didn't practice what he preached.'"[4] When asked about sex, LaLanne had a standard joke, saying that despite their advanced age, he and his wife still made love almost every night: "Almost on Monday, almost on Tuesday, almost on Wednesday..."

He added, "I know so many people in their 80s who have Alzheimer's or are in a wheelchair or whatever. And I say to myself 'I don't want to live like that. I don't want to be a burden on my family. I need to live life. And I'd hate dying; it would ruin my image.'"

LaLanne summed up his philosophy about good nutrition and exercise:

Dying is easy. Living is a pain in the butt. It's like an athletic event. You've got to train for it. You've got to eat right. You've got to exercise. Your health account, your bank account, they're the same thing. The more you put in, the more you can take out. Exercise is king and nutrition is queen: together, you have a kingdom.[28]

Views on food additives and drugs

LaLanne often stressed that artificial food additives, drugs, and processed foods contributed to making people mentally and physically ill. As a result, he writes, many people turn to alcohol and drugs to deal with symptoms of ailments, noting that "a stream of aches and pains seems to encompass us as we get older."[29]:114 He refers to the human bloodstream as a "River of Life", which is "polluted" by "junk foods" loaded with "preservatives, salt, sugar, and artificial flavorings".[29]:167

Relying on evidence from The President's Council on Physical Fitness, he also agrees that "many of our aches and pains come from lack of physical activity." As an immediate remedy for symptoms such as constipation, insomnia, tiredness, anxiety, shortness of breath, or high blood pressure, LaLanne states that people will resort to various drugs: "We look for crutches such as sleeping pills, pep pills, alcohol, cigarettes, and so on."[29]

Family

LaLanne was married to his second wife, Elaine Doyle LaLanne, for over five decades. They had three children: a daughter named Yvonne LaLanne from his first marriage, a son named Dan Doyle from Elaine's first marriage, and a son named Jon LaLanne together. Yvonne is a chiropractor in California; Dan and Jon are involved in the family business, BeFit Enterprises, which they and their mother and sister plan to continue.[1][9][30] Another daughter from Elaine's first marriage, Janet Doyle, died in a car accident at age 21 in 1974.[31]

Death

LaLanne died of respiratory failure due to pneumonia at his home on January 23, 2011. He was 96. According to his family, he had been sick for a week, but refused to see a doctor. They added that he had been performing his daily workout routine the day before his death.[32] He was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills, California.[33]

LaLanne's feats

(As reported on Jack LaLanne's website) These accounts are not necessarily entirely accurate descriptions of what LaLanne actually did. See the 1974 Alcatraz Island to Fisherman's Wharf swim (below) for an illustration of the difference between the website account and objective reporting of the same event.

  • 1954 (age 40) – swam the entire 8,981-foot (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) length of the Golden Gate in San Francisco, under water, with 140 lb (64 kg; 10 st) of air tanks and other equipment strapped to his body; a world record.[34]
  • 1955 (age 41) – swam from Alcatraz Island to Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco while handcuffed. When interviewed afterwards he was quoted as saying that the worst thing about the ordeal was being handcuffed, which significantly reduced his chance to do a jumping jack.
  • 1956 (age 42) – set what was claimed as a world record of 1,033 push-ups in 23 minutes on You Asked For It,[35] a television program hosted by Art Baker.
  • 1957 (age 43) – swam the Golden Gate channel while towing a 2,500 lb (1,130 kg; 180 st) cabin cruiser. The swift ocean currents turned this one-mile (1.6 km) swim into a swimming distance of 6.5 miles (10.5 km).[34]
  • 1958 (age 44) – maneuvered a paddleboard nonstop from Farallon Islands to the San Francisco shore. The 30-mile (48 km) trip took 9.5 hours.
  • 1959 (age 45) – did 1,000 jumping jacks and 1,000 chin-ups in 1 hour, 22 minutes, to promote The Jack LaLanne Show going nationwide. LaLanne said this was the most difficult of his stunts, but only because the skin on his hands started ripping off during the chin-ups. He felt he couldn't stop because it would be seen as a public failure.[34]
  • 1974 (age 60) – For the second time, he swam from Alcatraz Island to Fisherman's Wharf. Again, he was handcuffed, but this time he was also shackled and towed a 1,000 lb (450 kg; 71 st) boat, according to his obituary in Los Angeles Times in 2011 and his website.[36] However, according to an account of this event published the day after it occurred in the Los Angeles Times, written by Philip Hager, a Times staff writer, LaLanne was neither handcuffed nor shackled if each of those terms has the conventional meaning of "tightly binding the wrists or ankles together with a pair of metal fasteners". Hager says that LaLanne "had his hands and feet bound with cords that allowed minimal freedom". But "minimal" clearly did not mean "no" freedom, since elsewhere in the article Hager describes LaLanne's method of propulsion through the water as "half-breast-stroke, half-dog paddle" which is how you swim with your hands tied.
  • 1975 (age 61) – Repeating his performance of 21 years earlier, he again swam the entire length of the Golden Gate Bridge, underwater and handcuffed, but this time he was shackled and towed a 1,000 lb (450 kg; 71 st) boat.
  • 1976 (age 62) – To commemorate the "Spirit of '76", United States Bicentennial, he swam one mile (1.6 km) in Long Beach Harbor. He was handcuffed and shackled, and he towed 13 boats (representing the 13 original colonies) containing 76 people.[37]
  • 1979 (age 65) – towed 65 boats in Lake Ashinoko, near Tokyo, Japan. He was handcuffed and shackled, and the boats were filled with 6,500 lb (2,950 kg; 460 st) of Louisiana Pacific wood pulp.[38]
  • 1980 (age 66) – towed 10 boats in North Miami, Florida. The boats carried 77 people, and he towed them for over one mile (1.6 km) in less than one hour.
  • 1984 (age 70) – handcuffed, shackled, and fighting strong winds and currents, he towed 70 rowboats, one with several guests, from the Queen's Way Bridge in the Long Beach Harbor to the Queen Mary, 1 mile.[39]

Awards and honors

On 10 June 2005, then governor Arnold Schwarzenegger launched the California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sport. In his address, Schwarzenegger paid special tribute to LaLanne, who he credited with demonstrating the benefits of fitness and a healthy lifestyle for 75 years.[40] In 2008, he inducted LaLanne into the California Hall of Fame and personally gave him an inscribed plaque at a special ceremony.

In 2007, LaLanne was awarded The President's Council's Lifetime Achievement Award. The award is given to "individuals whose careers have greatly contributed to the advancement or promotion of physical activity, fitness, or sports nationwide." Winners are chosen based on the "individual's career, the estimated number of lives the individual has touched through his or her work, the legacy of the individual's work, and additional awards or honors received over the course of his or her career."[41]

Other honors

  • 1963: Founding member of President's Council on Physical Fitness under President Kennedy[42]
  • President's Council of Physical Fitness Silver Anniversary Award
  • Governor's Council on Physical Fitness Lifetime Achievement Award [43]
  • The Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans [44]
  • American Academy of Achievement
  • American Cancer Society
  • American Heart Association
  • American Medical Association
  • WBBG Pioneer of Fitness Hall of Fame
  • APFC Pioneer of Fitness Hall of Fame
  • Patriarch Society of Chiropractors
  • NFLA – Healthy American Fitness Award
  • Received an Award from the Oscar Heidenstam Foundation Hall of Fame
  • Received National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Gold Circle Award commemorating over 50 years in the Television Industry
  • IHRSA Person of the Year Award
  • Jack Webb Award from the Los Angeles Police Historical Society
  • Interglobal's International Infomercial Award
  • The Freddie, Medical Media Public Service Award
  • Freedom Forum Al Neuharth Free Spirit Honoree
  • Lifetime Achievement Award from Club Industry
  • 1992 (age 78): The Academy of Body Building and Fitness Award
  • 1994 (age 80): The State of California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness Lifetime Achievement Award
  • 1996 (age 82): The Dwight D. Eisenhower Fitness Award [43]
  • 1999 (age 85): The Spirit of Muscle Beach Award
  • 2002 (age 88): A star on the Hollywood Boulevard Walk of Fame. At his induction ceremony, LaLanne did pushups on the top of his star.[45]
  • 2005 (age 91): The Jack Webb Award from the Los Angeles Police Department Historical Society; the Arnold Classic Lifetime Achievement Award; the Interglobal's International Infomercial Award; the Freddie Award; the Medical Media Public Service Award; Free Spirit honoree at Al Neuharth's Freedom Forum; Inaugural Inductee into the National Fitness Hall of Fame[46]
  • 2008 (age 94): Inducted by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (fellow 2005 inductee of the National Fitness Hall of Fame) and Maria Shriver into the California Hall of Fame[47][48][49]

Filmography

LaLanne appeared as himself in the following films and television shows:

gollark: What if we make a C interpreter in Rust?
gollark: Let me guess, it's really unportable™?
gollark: Can it be rewritten in Rust?
gollark: What's gnulib exactly? Some foolish C library?
gollark: Ah, like my programs, except those are generally just not pleasant for literally anyone else.

References
  1. Luther, Claudia (23 January 2011). "Jack LaLanne obituary: Jack LaLanne dies at 96; spiritual father of U.S. fitness movement". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  2. Horn, Huston (19 December 1960). "LaLanne: a treat and a treatment". Sports Illustrated. p. 28.
  3. "Still Going Strong". Newsweek. 20 February 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
  4. Goldstein, Richard (24 January 2011). "Jack LaLanne, Father of Fitness Movement, Dies at 96". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  5. "Schwarzenegger calls LaLanne 'most energetic man in the room'" Archived 29 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, KSBY.com, 24 January 2011
  6. Andrew Dalton (23 January 2011). "Fitness guru Jack LaLanne, 96, dies at Calif. home". U-T San Diego.
  7. "John Lalanne". Berkeley Daily Gazette. Deaths. 18 September 1939. p. 13.
  8. The Jack LaLanne Way to Vibrant Health (page 21, 1960 edition)
  9. Kuruvila, Matthai; Demian Bulwa (24 January 2011). "Jack LaLanne, fitness pioneer, dies at 96". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  10. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture vol. 3, St. James Press (2000) pp. 81-83
  11. "Paul C. Bragg". The Natural Health Perspective. 29 January 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
  12. "On The Sports Front", Twin Falls (Idaho) Times News, February 25, 1944, George F. Redmond, sportswriter.
  13. "Jack La Lanne – A Berkeley (not Oakland) Original", Berkeley Daily Planet, Jan. 25, 2011
  14. "Fitness guru Jack LaLanne has passed away". digitaljournal.com. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
  15. Jack LaLanne Show video Archived 16 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  16. Jack LaLanne's Glamour Stretcher, NYTimes Exercise Product History
  17. Jack LaLanne, Media Fitness Guru, Dies at 96 – Wall Street Journal Published 24 January 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  18. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission CPSC, National Media Corporation Announced Juice Tiger Recall Program Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  19. "Jack LaLanne's Power Juicer™ - Free Shipping! Exclusive New Model". powerjuicer.com. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
  20. LaLanne, Jack (2009). "Live Young Forever". Robert Kennedy Publishing. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  21. "Jack Lalanne – The Godfather Of Modern Fitness". Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  22. McManis, Sam (19 January 2003). "Raising the bar / At 88, fitness guru Jack LaLanne can run circles around those half his age". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  23. Hughes, Dennis. "Interview with Jack LaLanne / Legendary Fitness Expert, Health Pioneer, Diet and Nutrition Innovator". Share Guide. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  24. Jack LaLanne's 10 Health Habits. The Daily Beast. Published 24 January 2011. Accessed 31 January 2011.
  25. Jack Lalanne: 81 Going On 60. The Sun Sentinel. Published 14 March 1996. Accessed 31 January 2011.
  26. CNN Transcript – Larry King Live: Jack La Lanne Discusses a Life of Health and Fitness. Aired 17 July 2000, 9:00 p.m. ET. Accessed 31 January 2011.
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  28. Siegel M.D., Andrew. Finding Your Own Fountain of Youth: The Essential Guide to Maximizing Health, Paul Mould Publ. (2008) p. 191
  29. LaLanne, Jack. Revitalize Your Life: Improve Your Looks, Your Health & Your Sex Life, Hastings House (2003)
  30. Weise, Elizabeth; Nanci Hellmich (25 January 2011). "Fitness guru Jack LaLanne dies at 96". USA Today. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  31. Goldman, Stuart (1 October 2009). "Jack LaLanne Receives Lifetime Achievement Award". ClubIndustry.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  32. "Fitness Guru Jack LaLanne Dies at 96". 24 January 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  33. Resting Places
  34. "A Fitting Life for Jack LaLanne" Orange Coast Magazine, August 1986
  35. Grace, Francie (14 January 2004). "LaLanne: Pushing 90, Pumping Iron". CBS. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  36. Jack LaLanne dies at 96; spiritual father of U.S. fitness movement. 2011-01-23. Los Angeles Times
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  38. Squires, Sally (12 June 2007). "A Fitness Icon Keeps His Juices Flowing". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  39. "Jack LaLanne Fit As Ever At 70". Lodi News-Sentinel. UPI. 19 November 1984. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  40. "Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger Announces California Council on Physical Fitness and Sports"Lauphing Place, 14 June 2005
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  42. "Famous Fitness Fads" AARP, 10 December 2010
  43. Everyone's Guide to Cancer Therapy, Andrews McMeel Publishing (2008) p. xxxi
  44. Behar, Joy. When You Need a Lift, Random House (2007) p. 171
  45. "Jack LaLanne Shall Shame Us With His Old-Man Energy No Longer". New York Magazine. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
  46. National Fitness Hall of Fame Class of 2005. Retrieved on 23 November 2008. Archived 13 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
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  50. Video on YouTube
  51. "Jack LaLanne". IMDb. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
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  53. "The Chevy Chase Show| Credits". IMDB. Retrieved 15 June 2020.

Official

Media and publications

Interviews

Miscellaneous

Memorials and retrospectives

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