Casein

Casein (/ˈkeɪsiːɪn/ KAY-seen, from Latin caseus "cheese") is a family of related phosphoproteins (αS1, αS2, β, κ). These proteins are commonly found in mammalian milk, comprising c. 80% of the proteins in cow's milk and between 20% and 45% of the proteins in human milk.[1] Sheep and buffalo milk have a higher casein content than other types of milk with human milk having a particularly low casein content.[2]

Casein has a wide variety of uses, from being a major component of cheese, to use as a food additive.[3] The most common form of casein is sodium caseinate.[4] In milk, casein undergoes phase separation to form colloidal casein micelles, a type of secreted biomolecular condensate.[5]

Micelle caseine

As a food source, casein supplies amino acids, carbohydrates, and two essential elements, calcium and phosphorus.[6]

Composition

Casein contains a high number of proline residues, which do not interact. There are also no disulfide bridges. As a result, it has relatively little tertiary structure. It is relatively hydrophobic, making it poorly soluble in water. It is found in milk as a suspension of particles, called casein micelles, which show only limited resemblance with surfactant-type micelles in a sense that the hydrophilic parts reside at the surface and they are spherical. However, in sharp contrast to surfactant micelles, the interior of a casein micelle is highly hydrated. The caseins in the micelles are held together by calcium ions and hydrophobic interactions. Any of several molecular models could account for the special conformation of casein in the micelles.[7] One of them proposes the micellar nucleus is formed by several submicelles, the periphery consisting of microvellosities of κ-casein.[8][9] Another model suggests the nucleus is formed by casein-interlinked fibrils.[10] Finally, the most recent model[11] proposes a double link among the caseins for gelling to take place. All three models consider micelles as colloidal particles formed by casein aggregates wrapped up in soluble κ-casein molecules.

The isoelectric point of casein is 4.6. Since milk's pH is 6.6, casein has a negative charge in milk. The purified protein is water-insoluble. While it is also insoluble in neutral salt solutions, it is readily dispersible in dilute alkalis and in salt solutions such as aqueous sodium oxalate and sodium acetate.

The enzyme trypsin can hydrolyze a phosphate-containing peptone. It is used to form a type of organic adhesive.[12]

Uses

Paint
Casein preparation in an old etching operation in Müllheim

Casein paint is a fast-drying, water-soluble medium used by artists. Casein paint has been used since ancient Egyptian times as a form of tempera paint, and was widely used by commercial illustrators as the material of choice until the late 1960s when, with the advent of acrylic paint, casein became less popular.[13][14] It is still widely used by scene painters, although acrylic has made inroads in that field as well.[15]

Glue

Casein-based glues, formulated from casein, water, hydrated lime and sodium hydroxide were popular for woodworking, including for aircraft, as late as the de Havilland Albatross airliner.[16][17] Casein glue is also used in transformer manufacturing (specifically transformer board) due to its oil permeability.[18] While largely replaced with synthetic resins, casein-based glues still have a use in certain niche applications, such as laminating fireproof doors and the labeling of bottles.[16][19][20][21] The popular Elmer's School Glue was originally made from casein because it was non-toxic and would wash out of clothing.

Food

Several foods, creamers, and toppings all contain a variety of caseinates. Sodium caseinate acts as a greater food additive for stabilizing processed foods, however companies could opt to use calcium caseinate to increase calcium content and decrease sodium levels in their products.[22]

Caseinate Presence and Function in Different Products[23]
Product Caseinate % Function
Meat 2–20 Texture and nutrition
Cheese 3–28 Matrix formation, fat, and water binding
Ice Cream 1–7 Texture and stabilizer
Whipped toppings 2–11 Fat stabilization
Pasta 2–18 Texture, nutrition, and taste
Baked goods 1–15 Water binding

The main food uses of casein are for powders requiring rapid dispersion into water, ranging from coffee creamers to instant cream soups. Mead Johnson introduced a product in the early 1920s named Casec to ease gastrointestinal disorders and infant digestive problems which were a common cause of death in children at that time. It is believed to neutralize capsaicin, the active (hot) ingredient of peppers, jalapeños, habaneros, and other chili peppers.[24]

Cheesemaking
Cheesemaking

Cheese consists of proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep. It is produced by coagulation that is caused by destabilization of the casein micelle, which begins the processes of fractionation and selective concentration.[2] Typically, the milk is acidified and then coagulated by the addition of rennet, containing a proteolytic enzyme known as rennin; traditionally obtained from the stomachs of calves, but currently produced more often from genetically modified microorganisms. The solids are then separated and pressed into final form.[25]

Unlike many proteins, casein is not coagulated by heat. During the process of clotting, milk-clotting proteases act on the soluble portion of the caseins, κ-casein, thus originating an unstable micellar state that results in clot formation. When coagulated with chymosin, casein is sometimes called paracasein. Chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) is an aspartic protease that specifically hydrolyzes the peptide bond in Phe105-Met106 of κ-casein, and is considered to be the most efficient protease for the cheese-making industry (Rao et al., 1998). British terminology, on the other hand, uses the term caseinogen for the uncoagulated protein and casein for the coagulated protein. As it exists in milk, it is a salt of calcium.

Protein supplements

An attractive property of the casein molecule is its ability to form a gel or clot in the stomach, which makes it very efficient in nutrient supply. The clot is able to provide a sustained slow release of amino acids into the blood stream, sometimes lasting for several hours.[26] Often casein is available as hydrolyzed casein, whereby it is hydrolyzed by a protease such as trypsin. Hydrolyzed forms are noted to taste bitter and such supplements are often refused by infants and lab animals in favor of intact casein.[27]

Plastics and fiber
White galalith Australian Royal Airforce pre-1953 buttons

Some of the earliest plastics were based on casein. In particular, galalith was well known for use in buttons. Fiber can be made from extruded casein. Lanital, a fabric made from casein fiber (known as Aralac in the United States), was particularly popular in Italy during the 1930s. Recent innovations such as Qmilch are offering a more refined use of the fiber for modern fabrics.

Medical and dental uses

Casein-derived compounds are used in tooth remineralization products to stabilize amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and release the ACP onto tooth surfaces, where it can facilitate remineralization.[28][29][30]

Casein and gluten exclusion diets are sometimes used in alternative medicine for children with autism; however, as of 2015 the evidence that such diets have any impact on behavior or cognitive and social functioning in autistic children was limited and weak.[31][32]

Potential health issues and adverse effects

A1/A2 beta caseins in milk
Main article: A2 milk

A1 and A2 beta-casein are genetic variants of the beta-casein milk protein that differ by one amino acid; a proline occurs at position 67 in the chain of amino acids that make up the A2 beta-casein, while in A1 beta-casein a histidine occurs at that position.[33][34] Due to the way that beta-casein interacts with enzymes found in the digestive system, A1 and A2 are processed differently by digestive enzymes, and a seven-amino peptide, beta-casomorphin-7, (BCM-7) can be released by digestion of A1-beta-casein.[33]

The A1 beta-casein type is the most common type found in cow's milk in Europe (excluding France), the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.[35]

Interest in the distinction between A1 and A2 beta-casein proteins began in the early 1990s via epidemiological research and animal studies initially conducted by scientists in New Zealand, which found correlations between the prevalence of milk with A1 beta-casein proteins and various chronic diseases.[33] The research generated interest in the media, among some in the scientific community, and entrepreneurs.[33] A company, A2 Corporation, was founded in New Zealand in the early 2000s to commercialize the test and market "A2 Milk" as a premium milk that is healthier due to the lack of peptides from A1.[33] A2 Milk even petitioned the Food Standards Australia New Zealand regulatory authority to require a health warning on ordinary milk.[33]

Responding to public interest, the marketing of A2 milk, and the scientific evidence that had been published, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reviewed the scientific literature and published a review in 2009 that found no relationship between chronic diseases and drinking milk with the A1 protein.[35] An independent review published in 2005 also found no relationship between drinking A1 or A2 milk and chronic diseases.[33]

Casein-derived peptides with opioid activity (Casomorphins and Casoxins)

Small peptides derived from casein (typically 5-10 amino acids) have been found to have potent biological effects through activity at various opioid receptors. Animals models have demonstrated impact of these compounds on physiology and behavior which is reversed by the opioid antagonist drug naloxone. [36]

Casein allergy

A small fraction of the population is allergic to casein.[37]

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See also

References
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  2. Robinson RK, ed. (2002). Dairy Microbiology Handbook: The Microbiology of Milk and Milk Products (3rd ed.). Wiley-Interscience. p. 3. ISBN 9780471385967.
  3. "Industrial Casein". National Casein Company. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012.
  4. Early R (1997). "Milk Concentrates and Milk Powders". The technology of dairy products (2nd ed.). London: Springer-Verlag. p. 295. ISBN 9780751403442.
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  12. "Turning milk into homemade moo glue". Cornell Center for Teaching Innovation. Ask A Scientist!. Cornell University. 24 Sep 1998. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 29 Sep 2011.
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  14. Ward GW, ed. (2008). "Acrylic painting". The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780195313918.
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  18. "Laminated Board". WICOR HOLDING AG. 2011. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 11 Oct 2012.
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  21. Label Glues Archived November 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
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  25. Fankhauser DB (2007). "Fankhauser's Cheese Page". Archived from the original on 25 September 2007. Retrieved 23 Sep 2007.
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  28. Louis Malcmacher. "Enamel Remineralization: The Medical Model of Practicing multi Dentistry". Dentistry Today.
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  30. Chhabra N, Chhabra A (2018). "Enhanced Remineralisation of Tooth Enamel Using Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Complex: A Review". International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry. 14 (1): 1–10. doi:10.15236/ijcpd.2018.14.1.1.
  31. Lange KW, Hauser J, Reissmann A (2015). "Gluten-free and casein-free diets in the therapy of autism". Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 18 (6): 572–5. doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000228. PMID 26418822.
  32. Millward C, Ferriter M, Calver S, et al. (2008). "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Systematic Review) (2): CD003498. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003498.pub3. PMC 4164915. PMID 18425890.
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Further reading
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