Iris milesii

Iris milesii (also known as the red flower iris) is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Limniris and in the section Lophiris (crested irises). It is a rhizomatous, beardless perennial plant, native to the Himalayas, India and China. It has pinkish-violet, or pinkish purple, or pinkish-lavender or pinkish lilac flowers, with a fringed yellow or orange crest (or ridge). It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris milesii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Lophiris
Species:
I. milesii
Binomial name
Iris milesii
Synonyms[1]

None known

Description

It is similar in form to Iris tectorum (another crested iris).[2][3]

It has a short, thick, fleshy, greenish rhizomes,[4][5][6] which are 1–1.5 cm in diameter,[7] they are larger than other crested irises.[8] Underneath the rhizomes, are fleshy roots.[2][9][10] The rhizome is marked on top, with marks or scars of previous seasons leaves.[2][9][10] The rhizome produces lateral (non-flowering) shoots, these later become new growth points for the next season.[2][9][10] During the winter months, it goes dormant, the leaves die, leaving the rhizome bare on the soil surface.[11][12]

It has around 8,[2] basal leaves,[9][10][8] which are slightly glaucous,[2][11][13] yellowish green,[2][14] or greyish green,[7] or pale green.[13][15][16] They are sword-shaped,[7][16] they can grow up to between 30–60 cm (12–24 in) long and 2.5–7 cm (1–3 in) wide.[10][10][17] The leaves are visibly ribbed,[2][18][14] and change in size along the stem.[2][8][13] They die away in the autumn,[3][11] to re-appear in the summer.[17]

It has slender,[12][5] stems that can grow up to between 30–90 cm (12–35 in) tall.[16][19][20] It has 2–4,[2][7] branches,[15][16][19] which are 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long.[7]

Iris milesii and Iris wattii are by far the tallest species of the crested irises group.[21]

The stems have several spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are 2.5–3.8 cm (1–1 in) long,[7][13] and 2–2.5 cm (1–1 in) wide.[7]

The stems (and the branches) hold between 3 and 4 flowers,[7] in early summer,[4][12] between April to May,[7][11] or May to July.[2][9] They are short lived, but a continuous display can carry on for many weeks,[8][5] 8 to 10 weeks.[11]

The flowers are 6–10 cm (2–4 in) in diameter,[6][13][16] they are smaller than Iris japonica,[12] and Iris tectorum.[3][11] The flowers come in shades of pinkish-violet,[2][9] or pinkish purple,[3][13][22] or pinkish lilac,[4][13][23] pinkish-lavender,[18][16] or pale mauve.[6][19]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[8] The falls are reflexed,[4][23] obovate,[7] 3 cm long,[4] with a blade marked with dark purple, violet or lilac, lines, spots or mottled (streaks or blotches),[16][19][20] it has a finely fringed,[18] or toothed,[4] orange,[7][14][16] or white,[18][8] or yellow crest (or ridge).[5][13][20] The standards are narrowly obovate, 4–5 cm (2–2 in) long.[7][13] They are self-fertile.[2]

It has articulated pedicels, that are 2.5–4 cm (1–2 in) long.[7][13]

It has a small perianth tube, 1–1.5 cm long,[7][13] 2.5 cm long stamen, milky white anthers, 3 cm cylindric ovary.[7]

It has reddish purple, or lilac style branches, which are 3 cm long with deeply fringed (fimbriated) edges.[7][13]

After the iris has flowered, it produces an ovoid-globose,[7] or ovoid-cylindrical seed capsule,[2][9] between June and August.[7]

It is 2.8–3.3 cm (1–1 in) cm long,[9] with veining.[7] Inside the capsule, are pyriform (pear shaped) black brown seeds,[2][7] with a white aril.[7]

Biochemistry
Iris milesii from Jardin des Plantes, Botanical garden in Paris, France

In May 1984, a study was carried out on the rhizomes of Iris milesii, to ascertain their chemical constituency. Several isoflavones (chemical compounds) were found.[11][24]

In December 1884, a further study was carried out on the rhizomes of Iris milesii and Iris kemaonensis (under old spelling 'kumaonensis'). It found several isoflavones in both rhizomes.[25]

Tetra hydroxy-3' methoxyisoflavone (C16H12O7) can be found naturally within the iris,[26] rhizomes.[27]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[8] It has been counted several times, 2n=26, Simonet, 1932 and 2n=26, Chimphamba, 1973.[10] It is normally published as 2n=26.[11][18][20]

Taxonomy

It has the common names of red-flower iris,[9][22][28] and waterbird iris (in Australia).[23][29]

It is written as 红花鸢尾 in Chinese script,[7] and known as hong hua yuan wei in Pidgin in China.[7][28]

The Latin specific epithet milesii refers to Mr Frank Miles, who introduced it into cultivation in about 1880.[3][8][13][15] These plants were grown from seeds collected by his cousin in the Kulu district to the north of Simla.[3][8][13]

It was first published and described by Michael Foster in Gardeners' Chronicle Volume 20 page 231 in 1883.[7][30] John Gilbert Baker also described the iris in Curtis's Botanical Magazine Volume 112, tab.6889 in 1886.[13][28]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 9 January 2003 and then updated on 1 December 2004.[28]

Iris milesii is an accepted name by the RHS.[16]

Distribution and habitat
Iris milesii

Iris milesii is native to temperate and tropical regions of Asia,[21][29][30]

Range

It is found in temperate Asia, within the Chinese provinces,[12][30] of Sichuan, Xizang and Yunnan.[7][11][28]

It is also found in tropical Asia, within the States and union territories of India, in Himachal Pradesh,[18] Uttar Pradesh,[17] Jammu and Kashmir.[11][17][28]

It is also thought to be found in Tibet.[30]

Habitat

It grows in the conifer forest margins of hillsides,[11][17][19] in meadows,[11] in open groves (and clearings),[19] and wet valleys.[7][18]

They can be found at an altitude of 1,500–2,700 m (4,900–8,900 ft) above sea level.[11][17]

Conservation

They are 'abundant' in the wild.[18]

Cultivation
Flower buds of Iris milesii, from Himachal Pradesh, India.

Iris milesii is very hardy,[5][13][15] to between USDA Zone 3 and Zone 8,[22] or Zone 10.[29] It is not hardy in the North Carolina climate, because it does not survive the winter.[21] It is hardy in UK,[3][14] to −15 °C (or lower for short periods).[17] It is also hardy,[11] to Europe Zone H3,[4] although it still needs a sheltered position.[13]

It is tolerant of normal garden soil,[3] but prefers well drained,[11][5] sandy, peaty soils.[17][5] It does not like lime.[12] It is tolerant of soils that are mildly acidic or mildly alkaline.[22]

It prefers a sunny[17][15][22] or semi-shade position.[5][6][29]

It also has average water needs.[11][22] It prefers to have moisture during the growing season, but it will not survive in waterlogged sites/[18]

It can be grown in mixed flower border,[11][14][6] or rock gardens.[11]

It does suffer virus problems that Iris tectorum.[11]

It is not rarely found in cultivation.[18][17][5][21]

Propagation

It can also be propagated by division or by seed growing.[11][22]

Although the Iris can produce plenty to seed,[6] propagation via division is quicker and more reliable.[11]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[22]

gollark: > the holocaust was ironic bruh, just a meme bruhThe holocaust was, um, obviously directly harming people, and al ot.
gollark: Yes, C4 does that a lot.
gollark: This from the person who said "And every single thing we do is political"?
gollark: > And every single thing we do is politicalno.
gollark: Being in the UK, I mostly look at the BBC and the Guardian, which are probably *okay*.

References
  1. "Iris milesii Baker ex Foster is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  2. British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 116, at Google Books
  3. Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  4. James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 258, at Google Books
  5. "Iris milesii". rareplants.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  6. Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 76. ISBN 0715305395.
  7. "FOC Vol. 24 Page 308". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  8. Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 0881927309.
  9. Ahmad, Shaista. "Red Flower Iris". flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  10. Walker, Kenneth (13 February 2015). "(SPEC) Iris milesii Foster". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  11. "Chapter II iris clump and other (part3)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  12. "Evansia Or Crested Irises". herbs2000.com. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  13. Richard Lynch The Book of the Iris, p. 90-91, at Google Books
  14. Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 131. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
  15. Burgess, Miss J. (16 April 1935). "CRESTED IRISES OF EVANSIA SECTION". historiciris.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  16. "Search for AGM plants". rhs.org. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  17. Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd. p. 216. ISBN 9780330327749.
  18. Walker, Ken (24 December 2012). "Iris milesii". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  19. "encyclopedia". cgf.net (Cotswold Garden Flowers). Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  20. "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  21. Elizabeth LawrenceThrough the Garden Gate, p. 246, at Google Books
  22. "PlantFiles: Red Flower Iris". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  23. Nick Romanowski Water Garden Plants & Animals: The Complete Guide for All Australia, p. 79, at Google Books
  24. Agarwal, V.K.; Thappa, R.K.; Agarwal, S.G.; Dhar, K.L. (14 May 1984). "Phenolic constituents of Iris milesii rhizomes". Phytochemistry. Regional Research Laboratory. 23 (6): 1342–1343. doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)80460-4.
  25. Agarwal, V.K.; Thappa, R.K.; S.G., Agarwal; Mehraa, M.S.; Dhar, K.L. (1984). "Isoflavones of two Iris species". Phytochemistry. 23 (11): 2703–2704. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84141-2.
  26. John Buckingham and V. Ranjit N. Munasinghe Dictionary of Flavonoids with CD-ROM, p. 639, at Google Books
  27. J. B. Harborne The Flavonoids: Advances in Research since 1980, p. 133, at Google Books
  28. "Iris milesii". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  29. "Iris milesii (Water Bird Iris)". plantdelights.com. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  30. "Iris milesii Baker ex Foster, Gard. Chron., n.s., 20: 231 (1883)". kew.org. Retrieved 29 September 2014.

Sources
  • Chowdhery, H. J. & B. M. Wadhwa. 1984. Flora of Himachal Pradesh.
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 75.
  • Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
  • Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
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