Inowrocław
Inowrocław (Polish pronunciation: [inɔˈvrɔtswaf]; German: Hohensalza; before 1904: Inowrazlaw; archaic: Jungleslau)[1] is a city in north-central Poland with a total population of 72,561 in December 2019 (72,786, June 30, 2019). It is situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999, previously in the Bydgoszcz Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is one of the largest and historically most significant cities within Kuyavia.
Inowrocław | |
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Królowej Jadwigi Street filled with historic architecture leading to the market square | |
Flag Coat of arms | |
Inowrocław Inowrocław | |
Coordinates: 52°47′35″N 18°15′40″E | |
Country | |
Voivodeship | |
County | Inowrocław County |
Gmina | Inowrocław (urban gmina) |
First mentioned | 1185 |
Town rights | 1238 |
Government | |
• Mayor | Ryszard Brejza |
Area | |
• Total | 30.42 km2 (11.75 sq mi) |
Highest elevation | 100 m (300 ft) |
Lowest elevation | 85 m (279 ft) |
Population (2019) | |
• Total | 72,561 |
• Density | 2,385/km2 (6,180/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
Postal code | 88-100 to 88-115 |
Area code(s) | (+48) 52 |
Car plates | CIN |
Website | http://www.inowroclaw.pl |
Inowrocław is an industrial town located about 40 kilometres (25 miles) southeast of Bydgoszcz known for its saltwater baths and salt mines. The town is the 5th largest agglomeration in its voivodeship, and is a major railway junction, where the west-east line (Poznań–Toruń) crosses the Polish Coal Trunk-Line from Chorzów to Gdynia.
History
The town was first mentioned in 1185 as Novo Wladislaw, possibly in honor of Władysław I Herman or after the settlers from Włocławek. Many inhabitants of Włocławek settled in Inowrocław fleeing flooding. In 1236, the settlement was renamed Juveni Wladislawia. It was incorporated two years later by Casimir Conradowicz. In medieval Latin records, the town was recorded as Juniwladislavia.[2] As a result of the fragmentation of Poland into smaller duchies, after 1230 Inowrocław was the capital of the Duchy of Kuyavia,[3] and from 1267 to 1364 it was the capital of the Duchy of Inowrocław, before it became part and capital of Poland's Inowrocław Voivodeship, which covered northern Kuyavia along with the Dobrzyń Land. The voivodeship later also formed part of the larger Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown. Inowrocław was a royal city of the Polish Crown. The town's development was aided by the discovery of extensive salt deposits in the vicinity during the 15th century.
It was an important city of late medieval Poland. In 1321, a Polish-Teutonic trial was held in Inowrocław regarding the Teutonic occupation of Gdańsk Pomerania, while the city itself was occupied by the Teutonic Knights from 1332 to 1337.[3] King Casimir III the Great often stayed in the city, and in 1337 he held a meeting with King John of Bohemia in the local castle.[3] A strong garrison was located in the city during the Polish-Teutonic War (1409-1411), and it was the main base of King Władysław II Jagiełło after his victory in the Battle of Grunwald.[3]
Inowrocław was occupied and plundered by Swedish troops during the Deluge in the 1650s,[3] and was annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia in February 1772 during the First Partition of Poland and added to the Netze District. Following the Franco-Prussian Treaty in July 1807, Inowrocław was transferred to the newly created Duchy of Warsaw, which was a client state of the French Empire. The city was a headquarters for Napoleon Bonaparte during his 1812 invasion of Russia. Following the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Inowrocław (as first Inowraclaw and later Inowrazlaw) was transferred back to Prussia as part of the Grand Duchy of Posen. Initially, until 1838 the mayors were still Poles, then Germans.[3] Despite Germanisation attempts, the city was an important center of the Polish resistance during the partitions.[3] It flourished after the establishment of a railway junction in 1872 and a spa in 1875. The city and the region were given the more Germanized name Hohensalza on December 5, 1904.[3] It was electrified in 1908.
Interbellum
After the end of World War I, in November 1918, Poland regained independence and Polish insurgents re-captured the city in January 1919.[3] Restoration to the re-established sovereign Polish state was confirmed in the Treaty of Versailles (which came into effect on January 10, 1920), and the historic name Inowrocław was restored. High unemployment resulting from trade embargoes led to violent confrontations between workers and the police in 1926 and hunger strikes killed 20 in 1930. Inowrocław was part of Poznań Voivodeship until 1925, when it became an independent urban district. This district was briefly assigned to Great Pomerania during the reform of Polish regional administration just before World War II.
World War II
Captured by the German 4th Army during the invasion of Poland on September 11, 1939, Inowrocław was again renamed Hohensalza[3] and initially administered under the military district (Militärbezirk) of Posen before being incorporated into Nazi Germany first as part of the Reichsgau of Posen (1939) and then as part of Reichsgau Wartheland (1939–1945).
The Einsatzgruppe IV entered the city on September 12-15, 1939, to commit various atrocities against Poles.[4] Poles arrested during the Intelligenzaktion were held in the local prison and in a transit camp, and afterwards mostly murdered in the prison or in the nearby Gniewkowo forest, while some were deported to Nazi concentration camps.[5][6] In a large massacre, on the night of October 22-23, 1939, the Germans murdered 56 Poles in the prison, including numerous teachers.[5] Families of the victims were expelled, alike local Polish activists and craftsmen, whose workshops were handed over to German colonists in accordance to the Nazi Lebensraum policy.[7] In total, the Germans expelled a few thousand Poles from the city, including over 2,900 already in 1939.[3][6]
Between 1940 and 1945, Hohensalza was used as a resettlement camp for Poles and an internment camp for Soviet, French, and British POWs.
Recent period
Inowrocław returned to Poland and its original name following the arrival of the Soviet Red Army on January 21, 1945. The last German air raid occurred on April 4, 1945, when a single aircraft dropped four fragmentation bombs and fired on travelers waiting at the Inowrocław train platform. Between 1950 and 1998, the town was part of Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, but the 1999 reforms left it part of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship.
Population
- 1970: 54,900
- 1980: 66,100
- 1990: 77,700
- 2000: 79,400
- 2004: 77,647
- 2014: 74,803
- 2019: 72,561
Landmarks and monuments
- The Romanesque church of the St Virgin Mary, dating back to the end of the 12th century or beginning of the 13th century, built from granite stones and brick. In 1834 it was destroyed by fire, and partially reconstructed in the 1950s. Since 13 July 2008 the St Virgin Mary's church is also the Minor Basilica (in Polish: Bazylika Mniejsza Imienia Najświętszej Maryi Panny)
- The Gothic church of St. Nicholas, first built in the middle of the 13th century, the present church was built after damage in the 15th century, and rebuilt in the 17th century
- The Neo-Romanesque church of the Annunciation to the Virgin Mary, built between 1898 and 1900, consecrated in 1902, the largest church in the city, with an imposing 77-metre-high (253 ft) tower. The north side of the transept collapsed in a construction disaster in 1909 and was not rebuilt until 1929.
- The garrison church of St. Barbara and St. Maurice
- The house of Czabańscy family from ca. 1800
- The Inowrocław Synagogue
- Houses, hotel "Bast" and spa buildings from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries
Districts and neighborhoods
- Śródmieście
- Stare Miasto
- Nowe Osiedle
- Osiedle Bydgoskie
- Osiedle Toruńskie
- Osiedle Piastowskie
- Uzdrowisko
- Miechowiczki
- Osiedle Bajka
- Rąbin
- Rąbinek
- Mątwy
- Szymborze
- Solno
- Kruśliwiec
- Osiedle Zdrojowe
- Osiedle Kolejowe
- Cegielnia
- Osiedle Sady
- Osiedle Okrężek
- Osiedle Lotnicze
Sports
The most popular sports in the city are basketball and football. Notable teams:
- Noteć Inowrocław – men's basketball team, formerly playing in the Polish Basketball League, the country's top division.
- Sportino Inowrocław – men's basketball team, which replaced SSA Notec, but in the 1st league.
- Goplania Inowrocław – men's football team, they are playing in 4th league.
- Cuiavia Inowrocław – men's football team, they are playing in 4th league.
Notable residents
- Adolph Salomonsohn (1831–1919), banker
- Berthold Fernow (1837–1908), historian
- Bernhard Fernow (1851–1923), chief of the USDA's Division of Forestry
- Jan Kasprowicz (1860–1926), poet, playwright, critic and translator
- Leopold Loeske (1865–1935), bryologist
- Gus Edwards (1879–1945), musician
- Alfred Herrmann (1879–1960), politician
- Gustav Heistermann von Ziehlberg (1898–1945), German general and resistance fighter
- Hans Jeschonnek (1899–1943), Luftwaffe general
- Arthur Sodtke (1901–1944), resistance fighter
- Justus Frantz (born 1944), musician
- Tomasz Wasilewski (born 1980), film director and screenwriter
- Krzysztof Szubarga (born 1984), basketball player
- Marcin Mroziński (born 1985), actor, singer
- Tomasz Ziętek (born 1989), actor
References
- Nazwa miasta (in Polish)
- Rzyszczewski, Leo (1852). Codex Diplomaticus Poloniæ, quo continentur privilegia regum Poloniæ, magnorum ducum Lithvaniæ, bullæ pontificum nec non jura a privatis data,. Versaviae: Typis Stanislai Strabski. pp. passim.
- Mikołajczak, Edmund. "History of Inowrocław". Inowrocław, Poland (Official Website) (in Polish). Inowrocław Town Council. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
- Maria Wardzyńska, Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion, IPN, Warszawa, 2009, p. 55 (in Polish)
- Maria Wardzyńska, Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion, p. 208
- Maria Wardzyńska, Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945, IPN, Warszawa, 2017, p. 175 (in Polish)
- Maria Wardzyńska, Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945, p. 175-176
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inowrocław. |
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Inowrazlaw. |
- www.ino-online.pl/
- www.zschie.kujawy.com.pl
- www.ikmedia.pl
- www.dawny-inowroclaw.info
- www.ino.webpark.pl