Indirubin

Indirubin
Names
	IUPAC name (3Z)-3-(3-Oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-ylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one
	Other names Indigo red
Identifiers
CAS Number	479-41-4;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:92322;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1276127; ChEMBL3185783;
ChemSpider	4477010;
DrugBank	DB12379;
ECHA InfoCard	100.119.646
EC Number	610-392-0;
PubChem CID	10177;
UNII	V86L8P74GI;
	InChI InChI=1S/C16H10N2O2/c19-15-10-6-2-4-8-12(10)17-14(15)13-9-5-1-3-7-11(9)18-16(13)20/h1-8,17H,(H,18,20)/b14-13- Key: CRDNMYFJWFXOCH-YPKPFQOOSA-N;
	SMILES c1ccc2c(c1)/C(=C/3\C(=O)c4ccccc4N3)/C(=O)N2;
Properties
Chemical formula	C16H10N2O2
Molar mass	262.268 g·mol−1
Hazards
GHS pictograms
GHS Signal word	Warning
GHS hazard statements	H315, H319, H335
GHS precautionary statements	P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+352, P304+340, P305+351+338, P312, P321, P332+313, P337+313, P362, P403+233, P405, P501
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	Infobox references

Indirubin is a chemical compound most often produced as a byproduct of bacterial metabolism. For instance, it is one of the compounds responsible for the generally benign condition purple urine bag syndrome, resulting from bacteria metabolizing indoxyl sulfate found naturally in urine.

Indirubin is a chemical constituent of indigo naturalis (also known as qing dai), which has been used for hundreds of years in traditional Chinese medicine. It is produced by collecting the waste products from the bacterial degradation of specific forms of vegetation.

Research

Indirubin exerts its effects on the human body by downregulating expression of genes. Genes PLK1 and PIN1, both oncogenic, have been shown to be affected by indirubin. Indirubin has, in vitro and in vivo, been shown to reduce expression of the CDC25B gene, which codes for production of CDC25B enzyme. CDC stands for cell-division-cycle, and is used in cellular reproduction. Studies suggest that mouse cells are viable after the CDC25B (and CDC25C) genes are "knocked out", but removal of CDC25A results in non-viable cells.

Indirubin has not been shown to prevent or treat cancer in humans.[1] However, it is being studied for treatment of small-cell lung cancer, glioblastoma,[2] and chronic myeloid leukemia, either alone or in conjunction with more typical cancer management treatments. It has also been studied for potential use in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, an immune-modulated disease process.[3]

Indirubin shows anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenesis properties in vitro.[4]

gollark: We are also somewhat allowed laptops in lessons.

gollark: Given the COVID-19 situation, I can basically use whatever I want for notes and NONE can stop me.

gollark: > paper

gollark: Explicitly-graph-structured stuff is quite popular now. There's one big SaaS product, Roam Research, various opensource projects doing similar stuff, and also TiddlyWiki which has been around for ages and is some sort of crazy HTML/JS quine-type thing which happens to be able to store notes, and now has extensions for that.

gollark: I have notes (on academic topics) because I can *generally* remember stuff fine but sometimes forget a thing and require some information on it rapidly || 🐝.

References

"Indirubin". Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.
Williams, Shanté P.; Nowicki, Michal O.; Liu, Fang; Press, Rachael; Godlewski, Jakub; Abdel-Rasoul, Mahmoud; Kaur, Balveen; Fernandez, Soledad A.; Chiocca, E. Antonio (2011-08-15). "Indirubins Decrease Glioma Invasion by Blocking Migratory Phenotypes in Both the Tumor and Stromal Endothelial Cell Compartments". Cancer Research. 71 (16): 5374–5380. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3026. ISSN 0008-5472. PMC 4288480. PMID 21697283.
Hideo Suzuki; Tsuyoshi Kaneko; Yuji Mizokami; Toshiaki Narasaka; Shinji Endo; Hirofumi Matsui; Akinori Yanaka; Aki Hirayama; Ichinosuke Hyodo (2013). "Therapeutic efficacy of the Qing Dai in patients with intractable ulcerative colitis". World J Gastroenterol. 19 (17): 2718–2722. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i17.2718. PMC 3645393. PMID 23674882.
Zhang, Xiaoli; Song, Yajuan; Wu, Yuanyuan; Dong, Yanmin; Lai, Li; Zhang, Jing; Lu, Binbin; Dai, Fujun; He, Lijun (2011-11-15). "Indirubin inhibits tumor growth by antitumor angiogenesis via blocking VEGFR2-mediated JAK/STAT3 signaling in endothelial cell". International Journal of Cancer. 129 (10): 2502–2511. doi:10.1002/ijc.25909. ISSN 1097-0215. PMID 21207415.

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[1] "Indirubin". Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.

[2] Williams, Shanté P.; Nowicki, Michal O.; Liu, Fang; Press, Rachael; Godlewski, Jakub; Abdel-Rasoul, Mahmoud; Kaur, Balveen; Fernandez, Soledad A.; Chiocca, E. Antonio (2011-08-15). "Indirubins Decrease Glioma Invasion by Blocking Migratory Phenotypes in Both the Tumor and Stromal Endothelial Cell Compartments". Cancer Research. 71 (16): 5374–5380. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3026. ISSN 0008-5472. PMC 4288480. PMID 21697283.

[3] Hideo Suzuki; Tsuyoshi Kaneko; Yuji Mizokami; Toshiaki Narasaka; Shinji Endo; Hirofumi Matsui; Akinori Yanaka; Aki Hirayama; Ichinosuke Hyodo (2013). "Therapeutic efficacy of the Qing Dai in patients with intractable ulcerative colitis". World J Gastroenterol. 19 (17): 2718–2722. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i17.2718. PMC 3645393. PMID 23674882.

[4] Zhang, Xiaoli; Song, Yajuan; Wu, Yuanyuan; Dong, Yanmin; Lai, Li; Zhang, Jing; Lu, Binbin; Dai, Fujun; He, Lijun (2011-11-15). "Indirubin inhibits tumor growth by antitumor angiogenesis via blocking VEGFR2-mediated JAK/STAT3 signaling in endothelial cell". International Journal of Cancer. 129 (10): 2502–2511. doi:10.1002/ijc.25909. ISSN 1097-0215. PMID 21207415.