Independent record label

An independent record label (or indie label) is a record label that operates without the funding of major record labels; they are a type of small to medium-sized enterprise, or SME. The labels and artists are often represented by trade associations in their country or region, which in turn are represented by the international trade body, the Worldwide Independent Network (WIN).

Many of the labels started as producers and distributor of specific genres of music, such as jazz music, or represent something new and non-mainstream, such as Elvis Presley in the early days. Today, music appearing on indie labels is often referred to as indie music, or more specifically by genre, such as indie hip-hop.

Overview

Independent record labels are small companies that produce and distribute records.[1] They are not affiliated with or funded by the three major records labels. According to SoundScan and the Recording Industry Association of America, indie labels produce and distribute about 66% of music titles, but only account for 20% of sales.

Many artists begin their careers on independent labels.[2]

The distinction between major and independent labels is not always clear. The traditional definition of a major label is a label that owns its distribution channel. Some independent labels, particularly those with successful artists, sign dual-release, or distribution only agreements with major labels. They may also rely on international licensing deals and other arrangements with major labels. Major labels sometimes fully or partially acquire independent labels.

Other nominally independent labels are started and sometimes run by artists on major labels but are still fully or partially owned by the major label. These labels are frequently referred to as vanity labels or boutique labels, and are intended to appease established artists or allow them to discover and promote newer artists.

According to the Association of Independent Music, "A 'major' is defined in AIM's constitution as a multinational company which (together with the companies in its group) has more than 5% of the world market(s) for the sale of records or music videos. The majors are (currently) Sony, Warner and the Universal Music Group (which as of 2012 incorporates EMI)... If a major owns 50% or more of the total shares in a company, that company would (usually) be owned or controlled by that major."

History

Independent labels have historically anticipated developments in popular music, beginning with the post-war period in the United States.[3] Disputes with major labels led to a proliferation of smaller labels specializing in country, jazz, and blues. Sun Records played an important part in the development of rock 'n' roll and country music, working with artists such as Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Roy Orbison, and Charlie Rich.[3] These independent labels usually aimed their releases at a small but loyal audience. They relied less on mass sales and were able to provide artists much more opportunity for experimentation and artistic freedom.

1940s–1950s US

In the late 1940s and into the 1950s, the American music business changed as people began to more quickly learn the industry. Several companies set up their own recording studios, and the number of label owners began to increase. Many of these owners realized that whichever label first publishes a song is legally entitled to receive compensation for every record sold. Following the original pioneers of the music industry, many new labels were launched over the following decades by people with industry experience. During the 1980s and 1990s, many rap labels were started by artists looking for new talent. Madonna is one example of an established artist who helped launch the career of newer artists with her Maverick label.

1950s–1960s UK

In the United Kingdom during the 1950s and 1960s, the major labels EMI, Philips, and Decca had so much power that smaller labels struggled to establish themselves. Several British producers launched independent labels, including Joe Meek (Triumph Records), Andrew Oldham (Immediate Records), and Larry Page (Page One Records).[3] Chrysalis Records, launched by Chris Wright and Terry Ellis, was perhaps the most successful independent label from that era. Several established artists started their own independent labels, including The Beatles' Apple Records, and The Rolling Stones' Rolling Stones Records. These labels tended to fail commercially or be acquired by the major labels.[3][4]

1970s: Punk

The punk rock movement was another turning point for independent labels, the movement's do-it-yourself ethos creating an even greater proliferation of independent labels.[3] In the United States, independent labels such as Beserkley found success with artists such as The Modern Lovers. Many of the United Kingdom labels ended up signing distribution deals with major labels to remain viable, but others retained their independence, such as Industrial Records, Factory Records, Warp, Ninja Tune, Wax On, and BlancoMusic. Another factor that came to define independent labels was the method of distribution, which had to be independent of the major labels for records to be included in the UK Indie Chart.[5]

The UK Indie Chart was first compiled in 1980.[5] The chart was unrelated to a specific genre, and the chart featured a diverse range of music, from punk to reggae, MOR, and mainstream pop, including songs by artists like Kylie Minogue and Jason Donovan on the PWL label.

1980s

The late 1970s had seen the establishment of independent distribution companies such as Pinnacle and Spartan, providing independent labels an effective means of distribution without involving the major labels. Distribution was further improved with the establishment of 'The Cartel', an association of companies such as Rough Trade Records, Backs Records, and Red Rhino, which helped to take releases from small labels and get them into record shops nationwide.[5] The UK Indie Chart became a major source of exposure for artists on independent labels, with the top ten singles regularly aired on the national television show The Chart Show. By the late 1980s, the major labels had identified an opportunity to establish new artists using the indie chart, and began setting up subsidiary labels that were financed by the major labels but distributed independently. This allowed the major labels to effectively push the indie labels out of the market, and the independent chart became less significant in the early 1990s. The term "alternative" was increasingly used to describe artists, and "indie'" was more often used to describe a broad range of guitar-based rock and pop.

The Scouting Party Index of Independent Record Labels (1986) by Norman Schreiber includes a list of over 200 independent record labels, their artists, and examples of their work.[6]

1990s

The Offspring's 1994 album, Smash, was as of April 2007 the best-selling independent record of all time. The album was certified six times platinum in the United States and sold more than 12 million copies worldwide.[7]

Worldwide Independent Network (WIN)

The international peak body for the indie music industry, Worldwide Independent Network, was founded in 2006.[8] WIN is a coalition of independent music bodies from countries throughout the world.[9]

Alison Wenham OBE spent 17 years leading the UK's Association of Independent Music (AIM), which she launched in 1999. During this time she also helped to found WIN in 2006,[8] remaining at WIN for twelve years, with the last two spent as CEO. As a driving force in helping indie labels being able to compete worldwide with bigger companies, Wenham featured in Billboard’s "Top Women in Music" every year since publication. She stepped down from her role at WIN in December 2018,[10][8] the following year taking on a non-executive director's role at Funnel Music.[11]

On 4 July 2008, WIN ran "Independents Day", the first annual coordinated celebration of independent music across the world, for which the Australian Independent Record Labels Association created a list of the greatest independent records of all time.[12][13]

After Wenham's departure, WIN's former Director of Legal and Business Affairs, Charlie Phillips, was promoted to the leadership role, named as Chief Operating Officer. He would report directly to the recently elected Chair, Justin West, of Canadian company Secret City Records.[14]

WIN Membership

As of August 2019 other member organisations of WIN included A2IM (USA), ABMI (Brazil), ADISQ (Canada - Quebec only), AIM (UK), AMAEI (Portugal), A.S.I.A.r (Argentina), Audiocoop (Italy), BIMA (Belgium), CIMA (Canada), DUP (Denmark), FONO (Norway), HAIL (Hungary), IMCJ (Japan), IMICHILE (Chile) IMNZ (New Zealand), IMPALA (Europe), indieCo (Finland), IndieSuisse (Switzerland), Liak (Korea), P.I.L. (Israel), PMI (Italy), Runda (Balkans), SOM (Sweden), stomp (Netherlands), UFI (Spain), UPFI (France), VTMOE (Austria) and VUT (Germany).[15]

Particularly active are the trade associations in countries and regions with well-established music markets: AIM (UK), A2IM (USA), AIR (Australia), CIMA (Canada), VUT (Germany), IMNZ (New Zealand), UFI (Spain); IMICHILE (Chile), ABMI (Brazil), and IMPALA (Europe).[9]

Industry

In 2016, WIN's WINTEL report, an analysis of the global economic and cultural impact of the indie sector, showed the share of the global market as 37.6%. The sector generated worldwide revenues of US$5.6 billion in 2015.[16]

21st century by country

Australia

In Australia, the peak body for the independent music industry is the Australian Independent Record Labels Association, known as AIR, representing about 350 members as of 2019.[17]

A 2017 report commissioned by AIR, titled AIR Share: Australian Independent Music Market Report, was the first market analysis of the industry in Australia. It showed that indie labels represented 30% of revenue generated by the Australian recorded music market, and that 57% of independent sector revenue was from Australian artists, which put the Australian sector in the Top 10 global list of mainly English-speaking indie music markets, according to then CEO of WIN (Worldwide Independent Network), Alison Wenham. (By comparison, the US indie market had a 34% share while the UK had 23%.)[16]

The report valued the Australian recording industry as worth A$399.4 million, sixth largest music market in the world in terms of revenue and ahead of countries with higher populations such as Canada and South Korea. Digital revenue, at 44%, had overtaken that coming from physical sales, at 33%. A spokesperson from the company Unified Music Group said that governments were beginning to recognise the financial and cultural worth of a thriving music industry, but there was still a big challenge for the independents to compete with well-funded tech companies that have an anti-copyright agenda.[18]

Finland

In 2017, Finland's indie market share had the lowest share of the total music market, at only 16%.[16]

Korea

In 2017, Korea's indie market showed the healthiest share of the total music market, 88%.[16]

UK

In 2017, the UK indie market had a 23% share of the total music market.[16]

US

In 2017, the US indie market had a 34% share of the total music market.[16]

Notable labels
  • Sun Records (US, 1950– ) was the first label to record Elvis Presley and other big names in early rock 'n roll.
  • Island Records (UK, 1959– )
  • A&M Records (US, 1962−1999) was a very successful independent label. Founded in 1962 by trumpeter Herb Alpert (A) and record promoter Jerry Moss (M), A&M was initially the label and distributor for Alpert's own Tijuana Brass recordings, but the label quickly began signing other artists. Alpert and Moss sold A&M Records to Polygram in 1989 with the caveat that Alpert and Moss would continue to manage the label.[19] Polygram was bought by Universal Music Group in 1998, and A&M folded the following year.
  • Chrysalis Records (UK, 1968– ); EMI-owned 1991–2013; recordings outside the UK owned by UMG, bulk of British recordings controlled by Blue Raincoat Music, the rest under ex-EMI label Parlophone.
  • Trojan Records (UK, 1968– ); from 2001 under Sanctuary Records
  • Virgin Records (UK, 1972– )
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See also

References
  1. Pavlik, John V. Converging Media: A new Introduction to Mass Communication. ISBN 9780190271510.
  2. "Indie record labels". Musicians.about.com. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  3. Rogan, Johnny (1992). "Introduction" in The Guinness Who's Who of Indie and New Wave Music. Guinness Publishing.
  4. Gillett, Charlies. "Independent record labels and producers". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  5. Lazell, Barry (1997). "Indie Hits 1980–1989", Cherry Red Books. ISBN 0-9517206-9-4
  6. “Nonprint”. “Nonprint”. American Libraries 17.6 (1986): 495–496. Web.
  7. "The Offspring - Smash (album review 3)". SputnikMusic. 28 April 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  8. Resnikoff, Paul (12 December 2018). "Worldwide Independent Network CEO Alison Wenham Is Stepping Down". Digital Music News. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  9. "About". Worldwide Independent Networks. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  10. Brandle, Lars (13 December 2018). "Alison Wenham is stepping down as CEO of WIN". The Industry Observer. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  11. Brandle, Lars (4 June 2019). "Alison Wenham joins Funnel Music board". The Industry Observer. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  12. "Independents Day Australia". Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  13. Van Buskirk, Eliot (27 May 2008). "July 4: 'Independents Day'". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  14. "Charlie Phillips to head up Worldwide Independent Network". Music Business Worldwide. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  15. "WIN Members". Worldwide Independent Networks. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  16. Eliezer, Christie (4 September 2017). "New report puts Aussie indie labels at 30% revenue share, in Top 10 of global indie markets". The Music Network. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  17. "Australian Independent Record Labels of Australia Ltd". Music in Australia Knowledge Base. The Music Trust. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  18. Taylor, Andrew (26 September 2017). "Australian music industry the sixth largest in the world as indie sector thrives". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  19. Solomons, Mark (1998) "'UniGram': The Euro Outlook: A&M U.K. Restructured", Billboard – The International Newsweekly of Music, Video, and Home Entertainment.

Further reading
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