Hypsipyle

Hypsipyle (Ancient Greek: Ὑψιπύλη)[1] was a queen of Lemnos, and the daughter of King Thoas of Lemnos, and the granddaughter of Dionysus and Ariadne. When the women of Lemnos killed all the males on the island, Hypsipyle saved her father Thoas. She ruled Lemnos when the Argonauts visited the island, and had two sons by Jason, the leader of the Argonauts. Later the women of Lemnos discovered that Thoas had been saved by Hypsyple and she was sold as a slave to Lycurgus, the king of Nemea, where she became the nurse of the king's infant son Opheltes, who was killed by a serpent while in her care. She is eventually freed from her servitude by her sons.[2]

Hypsipyle saving Thoas.

Family

Hypsipyle's father was Thoas,[3] who was the son of Dionysus and Ariadne.[4] According to the Iliad, Hypsipyle was the mother, by Jason, of Euneus.[5] Later sources say that Hypsipyle had, in addition to Euneus, a second son by Jason.[6] In Euripides' partially preserved play Hypsipyle, she and Jason had twin sons: Euneus and Thoas.[7] According to Apollodorus, the second son was Nebrophonus,[8] while according to Hyginus, the second son was Deipylus,[9] Ovid says simply that Hypsipyle bore Jason twins, without naming them.[10]

Saves Thoas

The women of Lemnos killed all the males on the island, except for Thoas, who was saved by Hypsipyle.[11] Traces of the story can be found in the Iliad (c. 8th century), where Lemnos is referred to as the "city of godlike Thoas",[12] and Euneus, Jason's son by Hypsipyle, is mentioned.[13] As early as Aeschylus the story was famous: "the Lemnian holds first place among evils in story: it has long been told with groans as an abominable calamity. Men compare each new horror to Lemnian troubles."[14] And by the time of the mid-5th-century BC historian Herodotus, the story had given rise to the proverbial phrase "Lemnian crime" used to mean any cruel deed.[15] Aeschylus probably dealt with it in his' lost tragedies Hypsipyle and Lemniai (late 6th century-early 5th century BC).[16] The lyric poet Pindar (late 6th century-early 5th century BC) mentions "the race of the Lemnian women, who killed their husbands."[17]

Hypsipyle

There is a brief mention of the story in Euripides' partially preserved play Hypsipyle (c. 410 BC), in an exchange between Hypsipyle and her son Euneus:[18]

Hypsipyle

Alas, the flight that I fled, my son—if you only knew it—from sea-girt Lemnos, because I did not cut off my father’s grey head!

Euneus

Did they really order you to kill your father?

Hypsipyle

I am gripped by fear of those evil events—O my son, like Gorgons they slew their husbands in their beds!

Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica

The earliest extant telling of the story in detail occurs in the 3rd-century BC Argonautica by Apollonius of Rhodes.[19] According to this account, the women of Lemnos, had long neglected the worship of Aphrodite, and because of this the goddess had caused their husbands to spurn the women in favor of captive Thracian women. In revenge, the women massacred all the males on the island, except for the "aged" Thoas, whom Hypsipyle saved. She put Thoas into a "hollow chest" and set him adrift on the open sea. Fishermen pulled him ashore on the island of Sicinus. And the Lemnian women took over all the previous work of the men, cattle-herding, plowing, and warfare.

Valerius Flaccus' Argonautica

The 1st-century AD Latin poet Valerius Flaccus, in his Argonautica, gives a different reason for Aphrodite (Venus) causing the Lemnian men to reject their wives. He says it was because of the goddess' anger with her husband, the god Haephestus (Vulcan)—who had a home on Lemnos—for his having caught her in a trist with Ares (Mars).[20] He also gives a more detailed account of Thoas' rescue and escape.[21] During the night of the massacre, Hypsipyle woke Thoas, covered his head, and took him to Dionysus' temple where she hid him.[22] The next morning, Hypsipyle disguised Thoas as the temples' cult statue of Dionysus, placed him on the ritual chariot (used to parade the statue). She then took Thoas, through the streets of the city, crying aloud that the god's statue had been polluted by the night's bloody murders, and needed to be cleansed in the sea. By this subterfuge, and with the god Dionysus' help, Thoas was safely hid outside the city.[23] But fearing discovery, Hypsipyle finds an old abandoned boat, in which Thoas put to sea, eventually reaching the land of the Taurians, where "Diana put a sword in his hand, and didst appoint him warden of thy cheerless altar".[24] And the women of Lemnos bestow on Hypsipyle "the throne and sceptre of her father as by right".[25]

Other accounts

Other accounts tell similar stories, with variations. According to the 1st-century AD Latin poet Statius, Hypsipyle hid Thoas on a ship,[26] while according to the late 1st-century BC Latin mythographer Hyginus, who identifies Thoas with the Thoas who was the Taurian king, Hypsipyle put Thoas onto a ship which a storm carried to the "island Taurica".[27]

According to the 1st or 2nd-century AD Greek mythographer Apollodorus, the reason that the women of Lemnos were rejected by their husbands, was because Aphrodite had caused the women to omit a foul odor. Apollodorus also gives a different ending to the story. He says that, while Thoas was saved at first, by Hypsipyle hiding him,[28] sometime later, when the Lemnian women discovered that Thoas had escaped the initial slaughter, they killed Thoas, and sold Hypsipyle into slavery.[29]

Affair with Jason

The first adventure (usually) of Jason and the Argonauts, on their quest for the Golden Fleece, is their visit to the island of Lemnos, where Hypsipyle was then queen.[30] The story seems at least as old as the Iliad, since Euneus is said to be a son of Jason and Hypsipyle,[31] and was dealt with in Aeschylus' lost tragedies Hypsipyle and Lemniai, although the only surviving detail is that the Lemnian women "in arms" refused to allow the Argonauts to land until they agreed to mate with them.[32] The story also played a part in Euripides' partially preserved play Hypsipyle, where Hypsipyle is reunited with her twin sons by Jason, Euneus and Thoas, and learns, to her sorrow, of Jason's death.[33] Pindar refers to the visit, mentioning the Argonauts engaging in athletic contests, receiving garments made by the Lemnian women as prizes, and sharing the women's beds.[34] In Sophocles' lost play Lemniai, there was apparently a battle between the Argonauts and the Lemnian women.[35]

Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica

The first complete account of the Argonauts encounter with Hypsipyle on Lemnos is given in Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica. According to Apollonius of Rhodes' version of the story, when the Argonauts first arrive, Hypsipyle and the women, fearing that the Argonauts' were Thracians coming to attack them, put on amour and rush to the beach, to defend their island.[36] However the Argonauts herald Aethalides was able to persuade Hypsipyle to allow the Argonauts to stay for one night on the island.[37]

The next day, sitting on her father's throne, Hypsipyle spoke to the assembled women of the Island:[38]

My friends, come, let us give these men gifts to their liking, such things as men ought to take with them on a ship, provisions and sweet wine, so that they might forever remain outside our walls, lest out of need they may come among us and get to know us all too accurately, and an evil report may travel far and wide. For we have done a terrible deed, and it will not be at all heart-cheering to them either, if they were to learn of it.

However, Hypsiple's old nurse Polyxo said that, rather than live in continual fear of attack, they should take the Argonauts as their mates and protectors. All the women agreed to this plan, and so Hypsiple received the Argonauts as welcome guests.[39]

Hypsipyle told Jason the Lemnian women's story, saying that because of Aphrodite, the men of Lemnos had come to hate their wives, expelling them from their homes, and replacing them with Thracian girls captured on their frequent raids on nearby Thrace. Finally, after enduring terrible hardship, the women found the courage to take action. But Hypsipyle did not tell of the massacre, instead she deceived Jason, saying that one day when the men were returning from a raid, the women refused to allow the men to reenter the city, so the men took their sons and resettled in Thrace. Hypsipyle then asked Jason and his men to stay and take up residence on the island.[40]

So the Argonauts stayed for a while on the island, residing with the women in their homes, including Jason, who lived with Hypsipyle in her palace. But finally, at the urging of Heracles, who had remained apart, the Argonauts agreed to leave the women, and continue their quest for the Golden Fleece.[41]

Hypsipyle told Jason that "her father's scepter will be waiting" for him should he return to the island, but that she does not think that he will, and asked him to promise to remember her always, and to tell her what she should do with any children of his she might bear. And Jason told her to send any son, when grown, to Jason's parents in Iolcus.[42] Jason took with him a "sacred purple robe", given to him by Hypsipyle, which had been made by the Graces for Dionysus, who gave it to his son Thoas, who in turn gave it to Hypsipyle.[43]

Later accounts

Hypsipyle writing to Jason

The Roman poets Ovid,[44] Valerius Flaccus,[45] and Statius,[46] all wrote about the affair of Hypsipyle and Jason. Their accounts are all similar to that of Apollonius of Rhodes, with a few variations and additional details.

In his Heroides 6, Ovid has Hypsipyle, in an angry letter, rebuke Jason for having forsaken her for Medea, whom she says "intrudes upon my marriage-bed".[47] She says that Jason spent two years on Lemnos, and that, although he promised her "thine own will I ever be", and told her of his hope to share in the parenting of their offspring then in her womb, she now knows that Jason has taken up with Medea, and calls all these words of Jason "lies". [48]

In his Argonautica, Valerius Flaccus, when the Argonauts are making ready to leave Lemnos, has a "weeping" Hypsipyle say to Jason: "So quickly, at the first clear sky, dost thou resolve to unfurl thy sails, O dearer to me than mine own father? ... Is it then to the sky and to the waves that hindered thy course that we owed thy tarrying?"[49] She then gives Jason a "tunic of woven handiwork", and her father's sword "with its renowned emblem", "the flaming gift of Aetna's god", (i.e Vulcan), asking him to "forget not the land that first folded you to its peaceful bosom; and from Colchis' conquered shores bring back hither thy sails, I pray thee, by this Jason whom thou leavest in my womb."[50]

Statius in his Thebaid has Hypsipyle say that her union with Jason "was not by my will",[51] calling Jason her "ungentle guest", and her twin offspring by Jason, "memorials of a forced bed".[52] She describes Jason as a "brute ... uncaring for his children and pledged word!".[53]

Nurse of Opheltes

Hypsipyle became involved in the story of the infant Opheltes, the Seven Against Thebes, and the origin of the Nemean Games.[54] On their way to Thebes, the Seven, in need of water, stop at Nemea, where they encounter Hypsipyle. Because of the discovery of her having saved Thoas, Hypsipyle has been sold into slavery to the parents of Opheltes, becoming his nursemaid. While helping the Seven to get water, Hypsipyle sets Opheltes down, and he is killed by a serpent. The Seven kill the serpent, and the seer Amphiaraus, one of the Seven, renames the child Archemorus, meaning the "Beginning of Doom", interpreting the child's death as a harbinger of the Seven's own impending doom at Thebes. The Seven save Hypsipyle from being put to death and hold funeral games in the child's honor, which become the origin of the Nemean Games. Hypsipyle's sons arrive, compete in the funeral games, and rescue Hypsipyle from her captivity.

Hypsipyle

The earliest involvement of Hypsipyle in the Opheltes/Archemorus story occurs in Euripides' Hypsipyle, and may well have been an Euripidean invention.[55] After fleeing Lemnos, Hypsipyle was captured by pirates and sold as a slave to Lycurgus, the priest of Zeus at Nemea, where she has become the nurse to Lycurgus and Eurydice's son Opheltes.[56]

As the action of the play begins, Hypsipyle's twin sons by Jason, Euneus and Thoas, arrive seeking shelter for the night.[57] The sons have been separated from Hypsipyle since infancy, so neither recognizes the other. When Jason left Lemnos he had taken his sons to Colchis. After he died, Jason's fellow argonaut Orpheus took the boys to Thrace, where he raised them. They eventually met Hypsipyles' father Thoas, who took them back to Lemnos. From there they embarked on a search for their mother.[58]

The Seven against Thebes have also just arrived and encounter Hypsipyle. Amphiaraus tells Hypsipyle that they need water for a sacrifice, and she leads the Seven to a spring.[59] Hypsipyle brings Opheletes with her, and somehow, in a moment of neglect, Opheletes is killed by a serpent.[60] The child's mother Eurydice is about to have Hypsipyle put to death, when Amphiaraus arrives and Hypsipyle pleads with him to speak in her defense.[61] Amphiaraus tells Euridice that the child's death was destined, proposes that funeral games be held in Opheletes' honor, and is able to convince Euridice to spare Hypsipyle's life.[62] Funeral games are held, and Hypsypyle's sons participate, as a result of which, a recognition and reunion between Hypsipyle and her sons is effected, who then manage to free Hypsipyle from her servitude.[63]

The surviving fragments of Euripides' play do not make it clear how the recognition between Hypsipyle and her sons was brought about, but two later accounts may have been based on the play.[64] According to the Second Vatican Mythographer, after the sons won the foot-race, at the funeral games, their names and parents were announced, and in this way their identities were revealed.[65] The Cyzicene epigrams, the third book of the Palatine Anthology, describes a depiction, on a temple in Cyzicus, of Euneus and Thoas showing Hypsipyle a gold ornament ("the golden vine") as proof of their identities.[66]

Apollodorus and Hyginus

Apollodorus, follows Euripides' account of the story, but says that it was the Lemnian women themselves who, having discovered that Thoas had been spared, sold Hypsipyle into slavery.[67] While, according to Hyginus, when the women of Lemnos discovered Hypsipyle's deception, they tried to kill her, but, as in Euripides' play, she fled the island and was captured by pirates who sold her as a slave (although Hyginus' Latin text—probably in error—says she was sold to "King Lycus", rather than Lycurgus).[68]

According to Apollodorus, Hypsipyle left Opheltes behind when she led the Seven to the spring. While Hyginus tells of an oracle that had warned the king not to put his son Opheltes on the ground until he had learned to walk, and says that, to avoid setting the child directly on the ground, she put him on a bed of wild celery where he is killed by a serpent who guarded the spring. Hyginus connects this with the tradition of the celery crowns awarded to the winners at the Nemean games. According to Hyginus, as in Euripides, the Seven intercede on Hypsipyle's behalf, but with Lycurgus, rather than Eurydice.[69]

The Thebaid

Statius, in his epic poem, the Thebaid—which tells the story of the Seven against Thebes—gives the most detailed account of Hypsipyle and Opheltes.[70] As in Hyginus' account, when the Lemnian women discovered that Thoas had been saved, Hypsipyle fled the island, but was captured by pirates, and sold as a slave to Lycurgus,[71] who is both the king of Nemea (as in Hyginus) and the priest of Zeus (as in Euripides).[72]

As in Euripides, Hypsipyle, who has become the nurse of Lycurgus and Eurydice's son Opheltes, encounters the Seven against Thebes, who are in urgent need of water.[73] However in Statius' account, as in Apollodorus, Hypsipyle, does not take Opheltes with her to the spring, instead, in her haste to provide water for the Seven, she leaves the child behind, lying on the ground, "lest she be too slow a guide".[74] Hypsipyle takes the Seven to the spring, and when they have drunk their fill, they ask Hypsipyle to tell them who she is.[75] Then, over the course of 471 lines of the Thebaid, Hypsipyle tells the Seven her story: the massacre of the men by the Lemnian women, her saving her father Thoas, the visit to Lemnos by the Argonauts, her twin sons, Euneus and Thoas, by Jason, and how she came to be the nurse of Opheltes.[76] Meanwhile, with Hypsipyle long delayed at the spring telling her story, and "oblivious (so the gods would have it) of her absent charge", Opheltes has fallen asleep in the grass,[77] and though unnoticed, he is killed by an unwitting swish of the tale of the enormous serpent who guards Zeus' sacred grove.[78]

Hypsipyle is again saved from being executed by the Seven, but here, as in Hyginus, it is the king who is restrained.[79] As in Euripides, Hypsipyles' sons Thoas and Euneus, who are searching for their mother, arrive at the palace. In Statius' poem, Hypsipyle is able to identify her sons by means of the swords they carry, which belonged to Jason, and bear the mark of Jason's ship the Argo on them, and a joyous reunion ensues.[80]

In literature

• In his work, Inferno, the 14th-century Italian poet Dante Alighieri placed Jason in the eighth circle of Hell, along with seducers and panderers, for his deception and abandonment of Hypsipyle.
• In the Purgatorio, Dante's guide Virgil notes that Hypsipyle is among the virtuous pagans in Limbo (Canto 22.112)

Notes

1. Grimal, s.v. Hypsipyle.
2. Grimal, s.v. Hypsipyle; Tripp, s.v. Hypsipyle; Oxford Classical Dictionary, s.v. Hypsipyle
3. Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.620–621; Apollodorus, 1.9.17; Hyginus, Fabulae 15, 254; Statius, Thebaid 5.38–39.
4. Grimal, s.v. Thoas 1; Tripp, s.v. Thoas 2; Parada, s.v. Thoas 3; Smith, s.v. Thoas 2; Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 4.424–426; Ovid, Heroides 6.114–115; Apollodorus, E.1.9; Statius, Thebaid 4.775–776, 5.265–266.
5. Gantz, p. 345; Homer, Iliad 7.467–469.
6. Gantz, p. 346; Parada, s.v. Hypsipyle; Grimal, Table 21, p. 542.
7. Euneus and Thoas, appeared as characters in Euripides' play, see Collard and Cropp, pp. 251–255; Euripides Hypsipyle test. iiia (Hypothesis) [= P. Oxy. 2455 frs. 14–15, 3652 cols. i and ii.1-15]; so also Statius, Thebaid 5.463–465, 6.340–343; First Vatican Mythographer 196 Pepin, p. 83.
8. Apollodorus, 1.9.17.
9. Hyginus, Fabulae 15.
10. Ovid, Heroides 6.119–122, 6.143.
11. Hard, p. 384; Gantz, p. 345; Homer, Iliad 14.230, 7.467–469; Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers (458 BC) 631-638; Pindar, Pythian 4.252; Herodotus, 6.138.4; Euripides Hypsipyle fr. 759a.72–78 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 310–313); Aristophanes, Lemnian Women; Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.609-630; Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.77–310; Statius, Thebaid 5.28–334; Hyginus, Fabulae 15; Apollodorus, 1.9.17, 3.6.4; First Vatican Mythographer 130 Pepin, p. 62; Second Vatican Mythographer 141 Bode [= Euripides, Hypsipyle test. va = 164 Pepin, pp. 166–167].
12. Homer, Iliad 14.230.
13. Homer, Iliad 7.467–469.
14. Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers (458 BC) 631-638.
15. Herodotus, 6.138.4.
16. Gantz, p. 345; Sommerstein, pp. 126, 250.
17. Pindar, Pythian 4.252.
18. Euripides Hypsipyle fr. 759a.72–78 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 310–313).
19. Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.609-630.
20. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.98–107, with Mozley's note.
21. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.242–303.
22. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.249–259.
23. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.265–280.
24. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.280–303.
25. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.306–310.
26. Statius, Thebaid 5.287–289. Statius has Hypsipyle give a detailed account of the story at Thebaid 5.28–334.
27. Hyginus, Fabulae 15.
28. Apollodorus, 1.9.17.
29. Apollodorus, 3.6.4.
30. Gantz, p. 345; Hard, p. 384; Homer, Iliad 7.467–469; Simonides fr. 547 PMG; Pindar, Pythian 4.251–254, Olympian 4.18–23; Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.609-910, 4.423–427; Propertius, Elegies 1.15.17–20; Ovid, Heroides 6; Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.311–425; Statius, Thebaid 5.335–474; First Vatican Mythographer 130, 196 Pepin, pp. 62, 83.
31. Gantz, p. 345; Homer, Iliad 7.467–469.
32. Gantz, p. 345; Sommerstein, pp. 250–251.
33. Collard and Cropp, pp. 251–255; Euripides Hypsipyle test. iiia (Hypothesis) [= P. Oxy. 2455 frs. 14–15, 3652 cols. i and ii.1-15]; fr. 759a 58–110 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 310–317).
34. Gantz, pp. 345, 346; Pindar, Pythian 4.251–254, Olympian 4.18–23. According to a scholion to Pindar, Pythian 4.253, Simonides also told of the Argonauts competing on Lemnos with "a garment for a prize", see Gantz, p. 346; Simonides fr. 547 PMG.
35. Gantz, p. 345; Lloyd-Jones, p. 205.
36. Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.630–639.
37. Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.650–651.
38. Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.653–668.
39. Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.668–707.
40. Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.793–835.
41. Gantz, p. 346; Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.853–877.
42. Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.888–910.
43. Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 3.1204–1206, 4.423–427. For a discussion of this robe see Fletcher, pp. 150–151. Compare with Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.408–417, where Hypsipyle gives Jason a robe, she made herself, which depicted Thoas being rescued. A robe as guest gift is also mentioned as having been given to the Argonaut Polydeukes by one of the Lemnian women at Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 2.30–32.
44. Ovid, Heroides 6.
45. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.311–425.
46. Statius, Thebaid 5.335–474.
47. Ovid, Heroides 6.153.
48. Ovid, Heroides 6.56–64.
49. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.403–408.
50. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.408–424.
51. Statius, Thebaid 5.455.
52. Statius, Thebaid 5.463–464.
53. Statius, Thebaid 5.471–474.
54. Bravo III, pp. 101–140; Hard, p. 318; Gantz, p. 511; Euripides Hypsipyle (Collard and Cropp, pp. 250–321); Callimachus fr. 384.21–26 Pfeiffer; Hyginus, Fabulae 15, 74; Ovid, Ibis 481–483; Apollodorus, 1.9.14, 3.6.4; Statius, Thebaid 4.727–6.345; Pindar scholia (Bravo III, p. 115); Second Vatican Mythographer 141 Bode [= Euripides, Hypsipyle test. va = 164 Pepin, pp. 166–167].
55. Gantz, p. 511; Collard and Cropp, p. 251; Bravo III, pp. 109–110. For the extant fragments of the play with introduction and notes see Collard and Cropp, pp. 250–321.
56. Gantz, p. 511; Collard and Cropp, p. 251; Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 759a.72–74, 79–87 (flight, capture by pirates, slavery), fr. 752h.26–28 (priest of Zeus), fr. 757.41–44 (nurse). Although Lycurgus is a king in later accounts, there is no indication of that here, see Bravo III, p. 107.
57. Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 752c [= fr. 764 Nauck], fr. 752d.
58. Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 759a.93–105 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 314–315).
59. Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 752h, fr. 753.
60. Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 753d, fr. 754, fr. 754a.
61. Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 757.37–68 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 294–297).
62. Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 757.69–144 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 297–303. The seer Amphiaraus describing his defense of Hypsipyle as relying "on piety", (fr. 757.73) is suggestive of the child's death having been ordained by the gods.
63. Euripides, Hypsipyle fr. 759a.58–110.
64. Collard and Cropp, pp. 253 259, tests. iv, va with notes.
65. Second Vatican Mythographer 141 Bode [= Euripides Hypsiple test. va = 164 Pepin, pp. 166–167].
66. Greek Anthology 3.10 [= Palatine Anthology 3.10 = Euripides Hypsiple test. iv]. Compare with Euripides Hypsiple fr. 759a.110, where Euneus mentions a "wine-dark grape-bunch".
67. Apollodorus, 3.6.4.
68. Bravo III, p. 118; Hyginus, Fabulae 15, with Smith and Trzaskoma's note 15. King Lycurgus, p. 189: "we hesitantly have restored Lycurgus for Lycus in the belief that it is an error of transmission and not a mistake on the part of Hyginus", see also Hyginus, Fabulae 74, where Smith and Trzaskoma have again restored "Lycurgus" for "Lycus".
69. Bravo III, pp. 117–118; Hyginus, Fabulae 74. As Bravo III notes, the oracle and explanation for the origin of the celery crowns, are only found in Hyginus, and are perhaps late inventions.
70. Bravo III, p. 118.
71. Statius, Thebaid 5.486–498.
72. Bravo III, p. 119. For Lycurgus as king of Nemea, see Statius, Thebaid 5.715–716 ("Lycurgus ... the king"), 733 ("ruler of Nemea"). For Lycurgus as a priest of Zeus, see Statius, Thebaid 5.638–641 ("Lycurgus ... at sacrifice ... offered portions to the unfriendly Thunderer"), and 5.643–644 where it is said that priestly duties kept Lycurgus from participating in the Argive war.
73. Bravo III, p. 119; Statius, Thebaid 4.778–779 (Hypsipyle describing herself as the "foster mother of a child entrusted to my care"), 4.746–752 (the Seven meeting Hypsipyle carrying Lycurgus' son Opheltes, "at her breast"), 5.632 (Euridice mother of Opheltes).
74. Bravo III, p. 120; Statius, Thebaid 4.785–789.
75. Statius, Thebaid 5.1–27.
76. Statius, Thebaid 5.28–498.
77. Bravo III, p. 120; Statius, Thebaid 5.499–504.
78. Bravo III, pp. 120–121; Statius, Thebaid 5.505–540.
79. Bravo III, p. 121; Statius, Thebaid 5.653–679.
80. Statius, Thebaid 5.710–730.

References

• Aeschylus, Libation Bearers in Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. Vol 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press. 1926. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Apollonius of Rhodes, Apollonius Rhodius: the Argonautica, translated by Robert Cooper Seaton, W. Heinemann, 1912. Internet Archive.
• Bravo III, Jorge J., Excavations at Nemea IV: The Shrine of Opheltes, Univ of California Press, 2018. ISBN 9780520967878.
• Callimachus, Musaeus, Aetia, Iambi, Hecale and Other Fragments, Hero and Leander, edited and translated by C. A. Trypanis, T. Gelzer, Cedric H. Whitman, Loeb Classical Library No. 421, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1973. Online version at Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99463-8.
• Collard, Christopher and Martin Cropp (2008b), Euripides Fragments: Oedipus-Chrysippus: Other Fragments, Loeb Classical Library No. 506. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-674-99631-1. Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Fletcher, Judith, "Lemnian Infamy and Masculine Glory in Apollonios' Argonautica" in Celebrity, Fame, and Infamy in the Hellenistic World, edited by Riemer A. Faber, University of Toronto Press, 2020. ISBN 9781487505226.
• Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
• Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.
• Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, ISBN 9780415186360. Google Books.
• Herodotus; Histories, A. D. Godley (translator), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1920; ISBN 0674991338. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Hyginus, Gaius Julius, Fabulae in Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabuae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, Hackett Publishing Company, 2007. ISBN 978-0-87220-821-6.
• Lloyd-Jones, Hugh, Sophocles: Fragments, Edited and translated by Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Loeb Classical Library No. 483, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-674-99532-1. Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Ovid, Heroides in Heroides. Amores. Translated by Grant Showerman. Revised by G. P. Goold. Loeb Classical Library No. 41. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1977. ISBN 978-0-674-99045-6. Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Ovid, Ibis in Art of Love. Cosmetics. Remedies for Love. Ibis. Walnut-tree. Sea Fishing. Consolation. Translated by J. H. Mozley. Revised by G. P. Goold. Loeb Classical Library No. 232, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1929. Online version at Harvard University Press.
• The Oxford Classical Dictionary, second edition, Hammond, N.G.L. and Howard Hayes Scullard (editors), Oxford University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-19-869117-3.
• Parada, Carlos, Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology, Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. ISBN 978-91-7081-062-6.
• Pepin, Ronald E., The Vatican Mythographers, Fordham University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780823228928.
• Pindar, Odes, Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Propertius, Elegies Edited and translated by G. P. Goold. Loeb Classical Library 18. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1990. Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
• Sommerstein, Alan H., Aeschylus: Fragments. Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. Loeb Classical Library No. 505. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-674-99629-8. Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Statius, Thebaid, Volume I: Thebaid: Books 1-7, edited and translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Loeb Classical Library No. 207, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-674-01208-0. Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Stesichorus, Ibycus, Simonides. Greek Lyric, Volume III: Stesichorus, Ibycus, Simonides, and Others. Edited and translated by David A. Campbell. Loeb Classical Library 476. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1991.
• Tripp, Edward, Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). ISBN 069022608X.
• Valerius Flaccus, Gaius, Argonautica, translated by J. H. Mozley, Loeb Classical Library No. 286. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. Online version at Harvard University Press.