Hypovirus

Hypovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Hypoviridae.[1] Fungi serve as natural hosts. There are currently four species in this genus including the type species Cryphonectria hypovirus 1. Diseases associated with this genus include: host virulence reduction.[1][2]

Hypovirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Duplopiviricetes
Order: Durnavirales
Family: Hypoviridae
Genus: Hypovirus
Type species
Cryphonectria hypovirus 1

Species

The following species are recognized:[1]

  • Cryphonectria hypovirus 1, the type species
  • Cryphonectria hypovirus 2
  • Cryphonectria hypovirus 3
  • Cryphonectria hypovirus 4

Structure

The diameter is around 50–80 nm. Genomes are linear, around 9–13kb in length. The genome has 1 or 2 open reading frames.[1][2]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
HypovirusNo true capsidNon-envelopedLinearMonopartite

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by cell to cell movement. Fungi serve as the natural host.[1][2]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
HypovirusFungiNoneCytoplasmic exchange; hyphal anastomosisCytoplasmic exchange; hyphal anastomosisCytoplasmCytoplasmCytoplasmic exchange; hyphal anastomosis

CHV1 – Chestnut blight hypovirulence

Hypovirus CHV1 is the only hypovirus found in Europe up to 2000.[3] It is known for reducing the virulence of the fungus that causes chestnut blight (i.e. hypovirulence).[4] Cryphonectria parasitica, the ascomycete fungus, originated in Asia and causes the disease chestnut blight in several chestnut species (Castanea sp.). Although symptoms are mild in Asian chestnut species that have co-evolved with the fungus, they are very severe in the North American chestnut species C. dentata and also in the European sweet chestnut, C. sativa.[5] Hypovirus has been used for protection against chestnut blight in Europe since the 1970s.[3]

gollark: It's the same. If you say "y = whatever (in terms of x), dy/dx = derivative of whatever (in terms of x)", this is equivalent to saying "f(x) = whatever (still in terms of x), f'(x) = derivative of whatever (in terms of x)".
gollark: Consider what is done to the x to attain your output of e^(x ln a).
gollark: What?
gollark: Differentiate e^(x ln a) using the chain rule™.
gollark: Seriously. You are making a significant and problematic error.

References
  1. Suzuki, N; Ghabrial, SA; Kim, KH; Pearson, M; Marzano, SL; Yaegashi, H; Xie, J; Guo, L; Kondo, H; Koloniuk, I; Hillman, BI; Ictv Report, Consortium (May 2018). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hypoviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 99 (5): 615–616. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001055. PMID 29589826.
  2. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  3. Peever, Tobin; Liu, Yir-Chung; Cortese, Paolo; Milgroom, Michael (November 2000). "Variation in Tolerance and Virulence in the Chestnut Blight Fungus-Hypovirus Interaction". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 66 (11): 4863–4869. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.504.6576. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.11.4863-4869.2000. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  4. Choi, Gil (1992). "Hypovirulence of Chestnut Blight Fungus Conferred by an Infectious Viral cDNA". Science. 257 (5071): 800–803. doi:10.1126/science.1496400. PMID 1496400.
  5. "Sweet chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)". Forestry Commission, UK. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
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