Hyporhamphus ihi
Hyporhamphus ihi, the garfish, halfbeak or piper, is a halfbeak found all around New Zealand in shallow inshore waters.[2]
| Hyporhamphus ihi | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Beloniformes |
| Family: | Hemiramphidae |
| Genus: | Hyporhamphus |
| Species: | H. ihi |
| Binomial name | |
| Hyporhamphus ihi Phillipps, 1932[1] | |
Description
The garfish is an unusual looking fish with many distinct features such as its elongated slender body, as well as its long lower jaw. The garfish grows up to around 40 centimeters ("GARFISH (GAR) (Hyporhamphus ihi) Takeke", 2013). The colouring of the fish allows it to appear somewhat camouflaged (Burgess, 2019); this is due to them having a greenish blue upper body with brown flecks (McMillan et al., 2011) and a silver-white belly and underbody ("GARFISH (GAR)", 2019). According to Montgomery & Saunders (1984) "The fish can control its coloration by expanding or reducing the pigment in the dorsal melanophores". They also have a long silver strip running from the top of the pectoral fin base to the tail (McMillan et al., 2011)
The pectoral, dorsal, pelvic and caudal fins dusky, and the anal fin are pale (McMillan et al., 2011). The pectoral fin allows them to turn left or right, they also support the stability of the fish (Aquaveiws, 2009). The dorsal fin helps aid the fish to make sharp turns and helps the fish in rolling (Aquaveiws, 2009). The dorsal fin on the garfish is located well back on the fish (Montgomery & Saunders, 1984). Unlike most fishes, the dorsal fin of the garfish lacks spines. Rather than having multiple spines running top to bottom, the dorsal fin is soft and veins of cartilage give rigidity to it when needed (Ayling & Cox, 1987). The pelvic fin aids the fish with stopping quickly and general stability, as well as diving into deeper waters and rising to the surface (Aquaveiws, 2009). The caudal fin is the main fin also known as the tail (Aquaveiws, 2009). Garfish have a caudal fin that is forked and obtains a large lower lobe, which is called the hypocercal tail (Montgomery & Saunders, 1984). The anal fin on a garfish is located at the back of the body (Montgomery & Saunders, 1984); this allows them to have more stability in the water (Aquaveiws, 2009).
However, their most distinctive feature is their long lower jaw with an orange tip (Montgomery & Saunders, 1984). Their upper jaw is usually longer than wide and their lower jaw is usually longer than the head length (McMillan et al., 2011), which allows them to detect vibrations that are caused by their prey (Walrond, 2006). Due to their mouth posted far back from the front end of their body, "this places the mouth in a superior position making the garfish 'well adapted 'for surface feeding" (Montgomery & Saunders, 1984). Another feature they obtain is the two to three rows of teeth that they have in both the upper and lower jaw (Montgomery & Saunders, 1984). These type of teeth are called tricuspid, there are teeth are on both the premaxillae (which is small cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw(Berkovitz & Shellis, 2017) and the dentaries (which is an anterior bone of the lower jaw which is an area that bears teeth(Borgen & Nakrem, 2016).
Classification
The taxonomic classification of Hyporhamphus ihi is as follows:
- Kingdom : Animalia
- Phylum : Chordata
- Subphylum : Vertebrata
- Superclass : Gnathostomata
- Euteleostomi : bony vertebrates
- Order : Beloniformes
- Family : Hemiramphidae
- Genus : Hyporhamphus
- Species : Hyporhamphus ihi[3]
Geographic distribution and habitat
Natural global range
The garfish is endemic to New Zealand and this particular species is only found here, however southern garfish, H. melanochir a similar species can be identified in Australia ("GARFISH (GAR) (Hyporhamphus ihi) Takeke", 2013).
New Zealand range
The garfish occurs around New Zealand as one can see from the map provided. They can also be found in the southwest Pacific and the Chatham Islands (Burgess, 2019). However, they are most common in northern and central inshore areas of New Zealand (McMillan et al., 2011).
Habitat preferences
This species is found to occupy inshore waters, in depths from 0 to a few meters (McMillan et al., 2011), such as sheltered gulfs, bays, and larger estuaries, mainly around seagrass beds or shallow waters, and over shallow reefs (McMillan et al., 2011). Although this species is widespread, it is rare and uncommon to site a garfish abundance ("GARFISH (GAR)", 2019). This is due to their localized schooling behaviour, which also makes it difficult to estimate their abundance ("GARFISH (GAR)", 2019).
Life cycle
The lifestyle patterns of the garfish are unknown to New Zealand in great detail; however, they may be similar to closely related species from Australia such as the southern garfish (H. melanochir) ("GARFISH (GAR) (Hyporhamphus ihi) Takeke", 2013). It is known that the New Zealand garfish matures at 22 cm and had a maximum of 40 cm, however, the maximum age may be slightly lower than 10 years ("GARFISH (GAR) (Hyporhamphus ihi) Takeke", 2013).
The New Zealand garfish is known to spawn at the end of spring to around the beginning summer (MPI, 2019), this is done in shallow bays, allowing the eggs to sink to the seafloor and adhere to vegetation ("GARFISH (GAR) (Hyporhamphus ihi) Takeke", 2013). After the eggs adhere to the vegetation the larvae may be taken in coastal plankton surveys. ("GARFISH (GAR) (Hyporhamphus ihi) Takeke", 2013). It is also suspected that the garfish are less variable in comparison to other small pelagic eggs. This feature however allows localized populations, which are susceptible to local depletion ("GARFISH (GAR) (Hyporhamphus ihi) Takeke", 2013).
Diet/prey/predators
Diet and foraging
Garfish are omnivorous as the feed on eelgrass, seaweed and smaller crustations (Walrond, 2006), such as zooplankton, misids, crab larvae and polychaete larvae (Montgomery & Saunders, 1984). The garfish is a nocturnal planktivore however, does not rely on sight to catch prey(Montgomery & Saunders, 1984). It was seen that a tapetum was absent(Montgomery & Saunders, 1984). This means that the amount of light that can pass through the retina was not as strong as nocturnal fish that obtain this feature (Seabrook, 2008). Their pupils are small and are fully occupied by the lens (Montgomery & Saunders, 1984). The garfish swims with a nearly rigid body, which has been related to its use of the lateral line in feeding (Montgomery & Saunders, 1984). Due to the presence of the lateral line system and the absence of the tapetum it indicated that the beak may have had a sensory function, Smith had suggested this in 1933 according to (Montgomery & Saunders, 1984). This led to the hypothesis that the garfish use their anterior lateral line system to detect prey (Montgomery & Saunders, 1984).
Predators, parasites, and diseases
Due to the garfish's localized schooling behavior, they attract bigger species of fish and mammals such as the Kingfish (Morrison, Lowe, Spong & Rush, 2007) and dolphins (Mak & Saunders, 2006). The schooling behavior of garfish also exposes them to heavy predation from sea birds such as gannets, shags and penguins. However, it is unlikely that garfish would be predated on by all three seabird species at once. The species of seabird that the garfish is subject to predation from is heavily dependent on whereabouts in the marine environment they are. Garfish schooling in shallow harbor areas are likely to be predated upon by shags, while garfish schooling in more open, deeper waters will more likely become prey for gannets/penguins (Ayling & Cox, 1987).
One parasite that occurs in the garfish is the Irona Infestation Parasitic infestations; it affects females, males, and juveniles, as it inhabits an area within the gills of the fish (Fish Base, 2019). However is not fatal and does not cause mortality (Fish Base, 2019).
Further information
Garfish were once a staple resource for early Maori and were of high cultural significance. They were a source of food as well as an important source of bait when fishing for larger species such as yellowtail kingfish. Garfish were generally caught by dragging a finely woven flax net across Sea Grass beds in shallow harbors. A seine like technique was used where one end of the net was fixed to the shore while the other end was dragged out and around in a large arc and pulled back to shore (Paul, 2000). The same technique is still used by modern fishermen by where a fine mesh net is dragged around shallow harbors (Paul, 2000). The garfish are often kept alive and transported to other fishing grounds where they are deployed as live baits for fish such as snapper, kingfish and kahawai.
Bibliography
- Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982) ISBN 0-00-216987-8
References
- Hyporhamphus ihi - The Taxonomicon
- Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2012). "Hyporhamphus ihi" in FishBase. 8 2012 version.
- "Hyporhamphus ihi Garfish (Also: Halfbeak; New Zealand garfish; Piper)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 18 June 2013.