Hybrid word

A hybrid word or hybridism is a word that etymologically derives from at least two languages.

Common hybrids

The most common form of hybrid word in English combines Latin and Greek parts. Since many prefixes and suffixes in English are of Latin or Greek etymology, it is straightforward to add a prefix or suffix from one language to an English word that comes from a different language, thus creating a hybrid word.

Hybridisms were formerly often considered to be barbarisms.

English examples

Aquaphobia – from Latin aqua "water" and Greek φοβία (phobia) "fear"; this term is distinguished from the non-hybrid word hydrophobia, which can refer to symptoms of rabies.
Asexual – from Greek A "without" and the Latin sexus meaning "sex"
Automobile – a wheeled passenger vehicle, from Greek αὐτός (autos) "self" and Latin mobilis "moveable"
Beatnik – a 1950s counterculture movement centered on jazz music, coffeehouses, marijuana, and a literary movement, from English "beat" and Russian -nik "one who does"
Biathlon – from the Latin bis meaning "twice" and the Greek ἆθλον (athlon) meaning "contest"; the non-hybrid word is diathlon
Bigamy – from Latin bis meaning "twice" and Greek γάμος (gamos) meaning "wedlock"
Bigram – from Latin bis meaning "twice" and Greek γράμμα (gramma); the non-hybrid word is digram
Bioluminescence – from the Greek βίος (bios) "life" and the Latin lumen "light"
Chocoholic – a portmanteau of "chocolate" (from the Nahuatl xocolātl/chocolātl) and "alcoholic", which itself was formed from the Arabic اَلْكُحُول (al-kuḥūl) "alcohol" and the French adjectival suffix -ic
Claustrophobia – from the Latin claustrum meaning "confined space" and Greek φόβος (phobos) meaning "fear"
Democide – from the Greek δῆμος (dēmos) "people" and the Latin -cida "-killer"
Divalent – from Greek δύο (duo) meaning "two" and Latin valens meaning "strong"; the non-hybrid word is bivalent
Dysfunction – from the Greek δυσ- (dys-) meaning "bad" and the Latin functio
Eigenvalue, eigenvector etc. – from German eigen, meaning 'own' and English "value", "vector" etc.
Electrocution – a portmanteau of electricity, from the Greek ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), "amber", and execution, from the Latin exsequere, "follow out"
Eusociality – from the Greek εὖ (eu) "good" and the Latin socialitas
Genocide – From the Greek γένος (genos) meaning "race, people" and the Latin cīdere meaning "to kill"
Geostationary – From Greek γῆ (gē) meaning "Earth" and the Latin stationarius, from statio, from stare meaning "to stand"
Heteronormative – from Greek ἕτερος (heteros) meaning "different" or "other" and Latin nōrma (via French norme) meaning "norm"
Heterosexual – from Greek ἕτερος (heteros) meaning "different" or "other" and Latin sexus meaning "sex"
Hexadecimal – from Greek ἕξ (hex), meaning "six", and Latin decimus meaning "tenth"; the non-hybrid word is sedecimal, from Latin sedecimalis
Hexavalent – from Greek ἕξ (hex), meaning "six", and Latin valens, meaning "strong"
Homosexual – from the Greek ὁμός (homos) meaning "same" and the Latin sexus meaning "sex" (This example is remarked on in Tom Stoppard's The Invention of Love, with A. E. Housman's character saying "Homosexuals? Who is responsible for this barbarity?...It's half Greek and half Latin!".)
Hyperactive – from Greek ὑπέρ (hyper) meaning "over" and Latin activus
Hypercomplex – from Greek ὑπέρ (hyper) meaning "over" and Latin complexus meaning "an embrace"
Hypercorrection – from Greek ὑπέρ (hyper) meaning "over" and Latin correctio
Hyperextension – from Greek ὑπέρ (hyper) meaning "over" and Latin extensio meaning "stretching out"; the non-hybrid word is superextension
Hypervisor – from the Greek ὑπέρ (hyper) meaning "over" and the Latin visor meaning "seer". This word is distinguished from the non-hybrid word supervisor, which is software that manages multiple user programs; a hypervisor is software that manages multiple virtual machines
Liposuction – from the Greek λίπος (lipos) meaning "fat" and the Latin suctio meaning "sucking"
Macroinstruction – from the Greek μακρος (makros) meaning "long" and the Latin instructio
Mattergy – from the Latin materia ("material") and the Greek ἐνέργεια (energeia, "energy"): a "word for interchangeable matter and energy"[1][2][3][4] Adjectival form: "matergetic".
Mega-annum – from the Greek μέγας (megas), meaning "large", and the Latin annum, "year"
Meritocracy – From the Latin meritus meaning "deserved" and the Greek -κρατία (-kratia), meaning "government"
Metadata – from the Greek μετά (meta) and the Latin data meaning "given" from dare
Microinstruction – from the Greek μικρός (mikros) meaning "small" and the Latin instructio
Microvitum – from the Greek μικρος (mikros) meaning "small" and the pseudo-Latin vitum, from vita meaning "life"
Minneapolis – from the Dakota minne "water" and the Greek πόλις (pólis) "city"
Monoculture – from the Greek μόνος (monos) meaning "one, single" and the Latin cultura
Monolingual – from the Greek μόνος (monos) meaning "only" and the Latin lingua meaning "tongue"; the non-hybrid word is unilingual
Multigraph – from the Latin multus "many" and the Greek γραφή (graphē); the non-hybrid word would be polygraph, but that is generally used with a different meaning
Neonate – from the Greek νέος (neos), "new", and the Latin natus, "birth"
Neuroscience – from the Greek νεῦρον (neuron), meaning "sinew", and the Latin scientia, from sciens, meaning "having knowledge"
Neurotransmitter – from the Greek νεῦρον (neuron), meaning "sinew", and the Latin trans, meaning "across" and mittere meaning "to send"
Nonagon – from the Latin nonus meaning "ninth" and the Greek γωνία (gōnia) meaning "angle"; the non-hybrid word is enneagon
Oleomargarine – from the Latin oleum meaning "beef fat" and the Greek margarites meaning "pearl-like"
Pandeism – from the Greek παν (pan) meaning "all" and Latin deus meaning "god"; compare with the non-hybrid word pantheism
Periglacial – from the Greek περί (perí) and the Latin glaciālis
Petroleum – from the Greek πέτρα (petra), meaning "rock", and the Latin oleum, meaning "oil"
Polyamory – from the Greek πολύς (polýs) meaning "many" and the Latin amor meaning "love"
Polydeism – from the Greek πολύς (polýs) meaning "many" and the Latin deus meaning "god"; compare with the non-hybrid word polytheism
Quadraphonic – from the Latin quattuor meaning four and the Greek φωνικός (phōnikós), from φωνή (phōnḗ) meaning sound; the non-hybrid word is tetraphonic
Quadriplegia – from the Latin quattuor meaning "four" and the Greek πληγή (plēgḗ) "stroke", from πλήσσειν (plḗssein) meaning "to strike"; the non-hybrid word is tetraplegia
Sociology – from the Latin socius, "comrade", and the Greek λόγος (lógos) meaning "word", "reason", "discourse"
Sociopath – from the Latin socius from sociare meaning "to associate with", and the Greek (-pathes) meaning "sufferer" from πάθος páthos meaning "incident", "suffering", or "experience"
Television – from the Greek τῆλε (tēle) meaning "far" and the Latin visio meaning "seeing", from videre meaning "to see"
Tonsillectomy – from the Latin tonsillae "tonsils" and the Greek εκτέμνειν (ektémnein), "to cut out"
Vexillology – from the Latin word vexillum, meaning "flag", and the Greek suffix -λογία (-logia), meaning "study"

Other languages

Modern Hebrew

Modern Hebrew abounds with non-Semitic derivational affixes, which are applied to words of both Semitic and non-Semitic descent. The following hybrid words consist of a Hebrew-descent word and a non-Semitic descent suffix:[5]

bitkhon-íst (ביטחוניסט‎) 'one who evaluates everything from the perspective of national security', from bitakhón 'security' + the productive internationalism -ist
khamúda-le (חמודה׳לה‎) 'cutie (feminine singular)', from khamuda 'cute (feminine singular) + -le, endearment diminutive of Yiddish origin
kiso-lógya (כיסאולוגיה‎) 'the art of finding a political seat (especially in the Israeli Parliament)', from kisé 'seat' + the productive internationalism -lógya '-logy'
maarav-izátsya (מערביזציה‎) 'westernization', from maaráv 'west' + the productive internationalism -izátsya '-ization' (itself via Russian from a hybrid of Greek -ιζ- -iz- and Latin -atio)
miluím-nik (מילואימניק‎) 'reservist, reserve soldier', from miluím 'reserve' (literally 'fill-ins') + -nik, a most productive agent suffix of Yiddish and Russian descent

The following Modern Hebrew hybrid words have an international prefix:

anti-hitnatkút (אנטי־התנתקות‎) 'anti-disengagement'
post-milkhamtí (פוסט־מלחמתי‎) 'post-war'
pro-araví (פרו־ערבי‎) 'pro-Arab'

Some hybrid words consist of both a non-Hebrew word and a non-Hebrew suffix of different origins:

shababnik (שבבניק‎) 'rebel youth of Haredi Judaism', from Arabic shabab (youth) and -nik of Yiddish and Russian descent

Modern Hebrew also has a productive derogatory prefixal shm-, which results in an 'echoic expressive'. For example, um shmum (או״ם־שמו״ם‎), literally 'United Nations shm-United Nations', was a pejorative description by Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, of the United Nations, called in Modern Hebrew umot meukhadot (אומות מאוחדות‎) and abbreviated um (או״ם‎). Thus, when an Israeli would like to express his impatience with or disdain for philosophy, s/he can say filosófya-shmilosófya (פילוסופיה־שמילוסופיה‎). Modern Hebrew shm- is traceable back to Yiddish, and is found in English as well as shm-reduplication. This is comparable to the Turkic initial m-segment conveying a sense of 'and so on' as in Turkish dergi mergi okumuyor, literally 'magazine "shmagazine" read:NEGATIVE:PRESENT:3rd.person.singular', i.e. '(He) doesn't read magazine, journals or anything like that'.[5]

Japanese

In Japanese, hybrid words are common in kango (words formed from kanji characters) in which some of the characters may be pronounced using Chinese pronunciations (on'yomi, from Chinese morphemes), and others in the same word are pronounced using Japanese pronunciations (kun'yomi, from Japanese morphemes). These words are known as jūbako (重箱) or yutō (湯桶), which are themselves examples of this kind of compound (they are autological words): the first character of jūbako is read using on'yomi, the second kun'yomi, while it is the other way around with yutō. Other examples include 場所 basho "place" (kun-on), 金色 kin'iro "golden" (on-kun) and 合気道 aikidō "the martial art Aikido" (kun-on-on). Some hybrid words are neither jūbako nor yutō (縦中横 tatechūyoko (kun-on-kun)). Foreign words may also be hybridized with Chinese or Japanese readings in slang words such as 高層ビル kōsōbiru "high-rise building" (on-on-katakana) and 飯テロ meshitero "food terrorism" (kun-katakana).

gollark: The inverse square law for moral obligation, obviously?

gollark: That's mean, so you can't.

gollark: Do NOT military.

gollark: Biotechnology research and chemical engineering, presumably.

gollark: But that is a different thing to what you were complaining about.

Notes

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[1] "What Can the Mattergy?" (review of John F. Wharton, The Explorations of George Burton), Time magazine, March 19, 1951.

[2] "occupation of mattergy", Naked Science Forum, last entry: 23 December 2006

[3] Jamesmessig, "Speculations on Harnessing Ambient Real Mattergy within Intragalactic and Intergalactic Space for Ultra-High Relativistic Gamma Factor Manned Space Craft", Jamesmessig's Weblog, November 21, 2008.

[4] "Mattergy and Spime", Jack D Capehart's blog: REASONable Ramblings, 08/07/2009.

[Hybridity_versus_Revivability-5] Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009), Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns. In Journal of Language Contact, Varia 2: 40–67, p. 49.