Huffmanela

Huffmanela is a genus of parasitic nematodes, belonging to the family Trichosomoididae.

Huffmanela
Eggs of
Huffmanela hamo
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Enoplea
Order: Trichocephalida
Family: Trichosomoididae
Subfamily: Huffmanelinae
Genus: Huffmanela
Moravec, 1987[1]

Morphology

As other nematodes, species of Huffmanela are elongate and vermiform. They are especially thin and small. The male is smaller than the female. The stichosome is composed of a single row of stichocytes (glandular cells). The advances eggs contain larvae and have strongly pigmented, dark, often conspicuously thick walls comprising three layers,[2] and polar plugs.[3]

Biology
Huffmanela hamo eggs in muscles of Muraenesox cinereus
The Golden-spot hogfish (Bodianus perditio), has its bones parasitized by Huffmanela ossicola in New Caledonia

Nematodes of the genus Huffmanela are all parasites of fishes.[1] They infect various tissues (skin, mucosa, musculature, swimbladder wall, intestine wall, and even within the bones)[4] of elasmobranchs (sharks) and bony fishes. The life cycle of the marine species is not known.[3]
Females lay eggs in the host's tissues at a very early stage and eggs continue to develop after being laid. Eggs usually occur as masses in the tissues of the hosts, occurring frequently as conspicuous black spots in the flesh or other organs of fish; these black spots may constitute a commercial problem.[3] [5][6] [7]

Life cycle
Life cycle of Huffmanela huffmani Moravec, 1987

The life cycle of Huffmanela huffmani, the only species from freshwater, has been elucidated in 2016; it includes amphipods as intermediate hosts.[8] The diagrams shows the steps in the life cycle of Huffmanela huffmani.

  • A – adults lay eggs in definitive host; at least 7.5 months must pass between ingestion of viable larva and the appearance of fertilised eggs in the host swim bladder, but eggs do not become fully larvated and infective to amphipods until 11.5 months post infection (p.i.): 1 – centrarchid definitive host; 2 – photomicrograph of swim bladder tissue showing eggs in various stages of development;
  • B – release of eggs from definitive host: 3 – definitive host dies and decomposes to release eggs; 4 – definitive host is consumed by piscivorous fish and viable eggs with sufficiently developed shells pass out in faeces;
  • C – eggs free in sediments: 5a – young eggs (<10 months p.i.) with inadequately developed shells will not survive in environment or passage through piscivore gastrointestinal (GI) tract; 5b – unlarvated eggs old enough to have fully developed egg shells (>10 months p.i.) can survive in environment and through GI tract of piscivore, but are uninfective to amphipods until they become fully larvated while in sediments; 5c – fully larvated eggs (≥11.5 months p.i.) are immediately infective to amphipods and are still infective to amphipods after 36+ months in sediments;
  • D – fully larvated eggs ingested by amphipod: 6 – larvae hatch and migrate to hemocoel where they must remain for at least 5 days p.i. before being infective to definitive host; 7 – larva in hemocoel of amphipod and infective to centrarchid. Life cycle can be completed in a theoretical minimum of 12 months, but can probably take longer than 36 months.

The life cycle of marine species is still unknown.

Systematics

In zoology, new species are generally described only from adult specimens; however, in the case of Huffmanela species, it happens that the eggs are often the only stage which is known. For this reason, several species of Huffmanela have been described from eggs only.[3][4] This is exceptional but perfectly valid for the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and eggs are considered syntypes of the new species.[4]

Classification
Huffmanela ossicola, a species described only from its eggs

According to Moravec(2001),[3] Huffmanela is the single genus within the subfamily Huffmanelinae Moravec, 2001.
The type-species of the genus Huffmanela is Huffmanela carcharini (McCallum, 1925) Moravec, 1987,[1] a species originally described as Capillaria carcharhini MacCallum, 1925 and Capillaria spinosa MacCallum, 1926 by MacCallum.

Twenty species of Huffmanela have been described with a binomial name (or Latin name) [6] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]

Of these 20 species, only 5 have their adult forms known and described (Table below); all others have been described from eggs only. Hosts include a variety of fish species and families (Table below), generally marine, with a single exception, H. huffmani in a freshwater fish host. [20]

In addition to these described species, about half a dozen cases of Huffmanela spp., or unnamed species, have been reported in various fish hosts. [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]

Described species of Huffmanela, description of their adult form, and host fish species and family

SpeciesAdultHosts
Huffmanela balista Justine, 2007 [9]describedAbalistes stellatus (Balistidae)
Huffmanela banningi Moravec, 1987 [1]unknownCynoglossus browni (Cynoglossidae)
Huffmanela branchialis Justine, 2004 [4]unknownNemipterus furcosus (Nemipteridae)
Huffmanela canadensis Moravec, Conboy & Speare, 2005 [11]describedSebastes spp. (Sebastidae)
Huffmanela carcharini (MacCallum, 1925) Moravec, 1987 [1]unknown Carcharhinus melanopterus, C. plumbeus (Carcharhinidae)
Huffmanela filamentosa Justine, 2004 [4]unknownGymnocranius grandoculis (Lethrinidae)
Huffmanela hamo Justine & Iwaki, 2014[6]unknownMuraenesox cinereus (Muraenesocidae)
Huffmanela huffmani Moravec, 1987described [20]Lepomis spp., Amblopites rupestris, Micropterus salmoides (Centrarchidae)
Huffmanela japonica Moravecet al., 1998 [12]unknownUpeneus japonicus (Mullidae)
Huffmanela lata Justine, 2005 [13]unknownCarcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Carcharhinidae)
Huffmanela longa Justine, 2007 [9]describedGymnocranius oblongus, Gymnocranius grandoculis (Lethrinidae)
Huffmanela markgracei Ruiz & Bullard, 2013 [19]unknownRhizoprionodon terraenovae (Carcharhinidae)
Huffmanela mexicana Moravec & Fajer-Avila, 2000 [14]unknownSphoeroides annulatus (Tetraodontidae)
Huffmanela moraveci Carballo & Navone, 2007 [15]describedOdontesthes smitti, O. nigricans (Atherinopsidae)
Huffmanela oleumimica Ruiz et al., 2012 [18]unknownLutjanus campechanus (Lutjanidae)
Huffmanela ossicola Justine, 2004 [4]unknownBodianus loxozonus, B. perditio , B. busellatus (Labridae)
Huffmanela paronai Moravec & Garibaldi, 2000 [16]unknownXiphias gladius (Xiphiidae)
Huffmanela plectropomi Justine, 2011 [10]unknownPlectropomus leopardus (Serranidae)
Huffmanela schouteni Moravec & Campbell, 1991 [17]unknownHirundichthys affinis, Cheilopogon cyanopterus, C. heterurus (Exocoetidae)
Huffmanela shikokuensis Moravec et al., 1998 [12]unknownStephanolepis cirrhifer (Monacanthidae)

Medical interest

All known species of Huffmanela are strictly parasite of fishes, and none can infest humans. However, cases of spurious parasitism have been described in the medical literature from coprological studies.[22] Since infestation of fish are often heavy, with millions of eggs in a single fish,[9] it is understandable that consumption of such an infested fish, even well cooked, can results in numerous eggs in human feces. Because of their polar plugs, eggs of nematodes of the genera Anatrichosoma, Capillaria or Trichuris can sometimes induce misidentifications.[27]

gollark: It might be unfathomable dark magic. I can't tell you *much* if you just provide vague descriptions of what happens.
gollark: oh no.
gollark: And it has an XML response type available, I guess.
gollark: I mean, it can do HTTP requests for XML stuff but so can basically anything else.
gollark: They just named it that because XML was trendy at the time.

References
  1. Moravec, František. 1987: Revision of Capillariid Nematodes (Subfamily Capillariinae) parasitic in fishes. Studie ČSAV No. 3, Academia, Praha, 141 pp.
  2. Žd'árská, Z.; Huffman, D. G.; Moravec, F.; Nebesářová, J. (2001). "Egg shell ultrastructure of the fish nematode Huffmanela huffmani (Trichosomoididae)". Folia Parasitologica. 48: 231–234.
  3. Moravec, František. 2001: Trichinelloid Nematodes parasitic in cold-blooded vertebrates. Academia, Praha (ISBN 80-200-0805-5)
  4. Justine, Jean-Lou (2004). "Three new species of Huffmanela Moravec, 1987 (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from the gills of marine fish off New Caledonia". Systematic Parasitology. 59 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1023/B:SYPA.0000038442.25230.8b. ISSN 0165-5752. PMID 15318018.
  5. Conboy, G. A.; Speare, D. J. (2002). "Dermal nematodosis in commercially captured rockfish (Sebastes spp.) from coastal British Columbia, Canada". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 127: 211–213. doi:10.1053/jcpa.2002.0567.
  6. Justine, J.-L.; Iwaki, T. (2014). "Huffmanela hamo sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the dagger-tooth pike conger Muraenesox cinereus off Japan" (PDF). Folia Parasitologica. 61: 267–271. doi:10.14411/fp.2014.029.
  7. Ana Raquel Almeida Carvalho, 2014. Contribuição para o conhecimento de nematodes Huffmanela spp. como causa de rejeição em lota da faneca (Trisopterus luscus).Dissertações de Mestrado. Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Abstract and PDF
  8. Worsham, McLean L. D.; Huffman, David G.; Moravec, Frantisek; Gibson, J. Randy (2016). "The life cycle of Huffmanela huffmani Moravec, 1987(Nematoda: Trichosomoididae), an endemic marine-relict parasite of Centrarchidae from a Central Texas spring". Folia Parasitologica. 63. doi:10.14411/fp.2016.020. ISSN 0015-5683.
  9. Justine, Jean-Lou (2007). "Huffmanela spp. (Nematoda, Trichosomoididae) parasites in coral reef fishes off New Caledonia, with descriptions of H. balista n. sp. and H. longa n. sp" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1628: 23–41. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1628.1.2.
  10. Justine, Jean-Lou (2011). "Huffmanela plectropomi n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the coralgrouper Plectropomus leopardus (Lacépède) off New Caledonia". Systematic Parasitology. 79: 139–143. doi:10.1007/s11230-011-9296-9.
  11. Moravec, F. E.; Conboy, G. A.; Speare, D. J. (2005). "A new trichosomoidid from the skin of Sebastes spp. (Pisces) from British Columbia, Canada". Journal of Parasitology. 91: 411–414. doi:10.1645/ge-3420.
  12. Moravec, F.; Koudela, B.; Ogawa, K.; Nagasawa, K. (1998). "Two new Huffmanela species, H. japonica n. sp. and H. shikokuensis n. sp (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae), from marine fishes in Japan". Journal of Parasitology. 84: 589–593. doi:10.2307/3284728.
  13. Justine, J.-L. (2005). "Huffmanela lata n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the shark Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhinidae) off New Caledonia". Systematic Parasitology. 61 (3): 181–184. doi:10.1007/s11230-005-3160-8. PMID 16025207.
  14. Moravec, F.; Fajer-Avila, E. (2000). "Huffmanela mexicana n. sp (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from the marine fish Sphoeroides annulatus in Mexico". Journal of Parasitology. 86: 1229–1231. doi:10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[1229:hmnsnt]2.0.co;2.
  15. Carballo, M. C.; Navone, G. T. (2007). "A new Huffmanela species (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) parasitizing atherinid fishes in North Patagonian Gulfs, Argentina". Journal of Parasitology. 93: 377–382. doi:10.1645/ge-971r.1.
  16. Moravec, F.; Garibaldi, F. (2000). "Huffmanela paronai sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae), a new parasite from the skin of swordfish Xiphias gladius in the Ligurian Sea (Western Mediterranean)". Folia Parasitologica. 47: 309–313. doi:10.14411/fp.2000.053.
  17. Moravec, F.; Campbell, B. G. (1991). "A new Huffmanela species, H. schouteni sp. n. (Nematoda, Trichosomoididae) from flying fishes in Curaçao". Folia Parasitologica. 38: 29–32.
  18. Ruiz, C. F.; Ray, C. L.; Cook, M.; Grace, M. A.; Bullard, S. A. (2012). "A new species of Trichosomoididae (Nematoda) from skin of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (Perciformes: Lutjanidae), on the Texas-Louisiana shelf, Northern Gulf of Mexico". Journal of Parasitology. 99: 318–326. doi:10.1645/GE-3249.1.
  19. Ruiz, C. F.; Bullard, S. A. (2013). "Huffmanela markgracei sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from buccal cavity of Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae), in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico off Texas". Folia Parasitologica. 60: 353–358. doi:10.14411/fp.2013.036.
  20. Huffman, D. G.; Moravec, F. (1988). "First description of adult Huffmanela huffmani Moravec, 1987 (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from the swimbladder of centrachid fishes of the upper San Marcos River, central Texas". Folia Parasitologica. 35: 227–234.
  21. Esteves, A.; Seixas, F.; Carvalho, S.; Nazario, N.; Mendes, M.; Martins, C. (2009). "Huffmanela sp (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) muscular parasite from Trisopterus luscus captured off the Portuguese coast". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 84: 251–255. doi:10.3354/dao02048.
  22. Gállego, J.; Riera, C.; Portús, M. (1993). "Huffmanela sp. eggs (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae), as a human spurious parasite in a child from Barcelona (Spain)". Folia Parasitologica. 40: 208–210.
  23. MacLean, R. A.; Fatzinger, M. H.; Woolard, K. D.; Harms, C. A. (2006). "Clearance of a dermal Huffmanela sp in a sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) using levamisole". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 73: 83–88. doi:10.3354/dao073083.
  24. Mendes, M., Madeira de Carvalho, L. M., Ramos, P., Fazendeiro, I. & Afonso-Roque, M. M. (2005). Presence of Huffmanela eggs (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae), in the faneca muscle - Trisopterus luscus (Linnaeus, 1758) of the coast of Portugal. Paper presented at the IX Congresso Ibérico de Parasitologia, 25–28 October 2005, Coimbra, Portugal.
  25. Bullard, S. A.; Ruiz, C. F.; McElwain, A.; Murray, M. J.; Borucinska, J. D.; Benz, G. W. (2012). "Huffmanela cf. carcharhini (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from skin of a sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, in the Pacific Ocean". Journal of Parasitology. 98: 333–340. doi:10.1645/GE-2962.1.
  26. Dill, Jennifer A.; Field, Cara L.; Camus, Alvin C. (2016). "Pathology in Practice". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 249 (3): 275–277. doi:10.2460/javma.249.3.275. ISSN 0003-1488.
  27. Núñez, F.A. (2010). "Trichuris, Capillaria or Anitrichosoma [sic]?". Parasitology International. 59: 303. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2010.02.008.
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