Hopkins Island

Hopkins Island is an island located in Spencer Gulf off the east coast of Jussieu Peninsula on Eyre Peninsula in South Australia approximately 32 km (20 mi) south-east of Port Lincoln. It was named by Matthew Flinders in memory of John Hopkins who was one of the eight crew lost from a cutter that capsized on 21 February 1802. Since 2004, the island has been part of the Memory Cove Wilderness Protection Area.

Hopkins Island
Hopkins Island
Geography
LocationSpencer Gulf
Administration
Australia

Description

Hopkins Island is located approximately 32 km (20 mi) south-east of Port Lincoln and 1.3 km (0.81 mi) west of Carrington Point, on the west coast of Thistle Island. The island is triangular in plan with its long axis being approximately 1,900 m (6,200 ft) and it maximum width being about 950 m (3,120 ft). Its long axis is aligned in a north-east direction, similar to that of the north-west coast of Thistle Island. The island has an area of 162 ha (400 acres)and has a maximum height of 69 m (226 ft) near its south west end. Access by boat is possible at the small beach on the island’s north coast.[1][2]

In 1910 it was described as "low-lying and somewhat bare".[3]

Guano deposits were found in caves on the island.[4] It was quarried there in the 19th and early 20th centuries,[5] in some cases under a combined lease including deposits on Lewis Island and Williams Island.[6] In the 1930s, the lease was owned by Dr Angas Johnson,[7] who purchased it on advice from Arthur Searcy and made it a sanctuary for seals, Cape Barren geese, rock parrots and the Stormy petrel. He had no intention of grazing goats on it, or allowing the activity to occur there.[8] The island had a reputation for being snake infested, but this was not observed by all landing parties.[9]

Formation, geology and oceanography

Hopkins Island was formed about 7000 years ago after sea levels rose at the start of the Holocene.[10] The island has a perimeter consisting of granite over which ‘a flat upper plateau’ of calcarenite sits and which supports ‘a thick soil bed’.[1] The island rises from the seabed at 30 m (98 ft) from within 200 m (660 ft) of its north west coast while the same transition occurs over a distance of almost 600 m (2,000 ft) on its south coast. On its north east coast, the passage between the island and Thistle Island is relatively shallow with a maximum charted depth of 11 m (36 ft) due to both islands sharing the same geological base strata.[2]

Flora and fauna

Plants

As of 1996, a shrubland dominated by marsh saltbush grows in the deeper soil present on most of the upper platform. Tussock grass and nitre bush is present in locations where thinner soils lying over underlying ridges of rock. Heath bluebush dominates the thinner exposed soils on the island’s perimeter. Weed species were represented by African box thorn, common iceplant, and grasses such as red brome and rat's-tail fescue. It was suggested that these weed species have been successful due to various attempts to develop a pasture on the island suitable for grazing.[1]

Terrestrial animals

Accounts given of the island's ecology in 1933 refer to its informal name "Snake Island" and describes large populations of snakes and rats. It also noted the presence of little penguins, "thousands" of mutton birds and their eggs.[11][12][13] The lessee in the 1930s, Dr Angas Johnson believed Cape Barren geese also roosted on the island.[7]

The short-tailed shearwater was reported in 1996 as being the dominant animal species on the island with an estimated population of ‘69700 adult birds in 34800 burrows.’ Other species observed at the time include the bush rat and the black tiger snake.[1] As of 2013, the island is reported as being an unconfirmed breeding site for flesh-footed shearwaters.[14]

Marine animals

Australian sea lions use the beach on the island’s north west coast as a haul out site.[1] In 1938, tuna (then referred to as "tunny") weighing up to 35 lb were caught off Hopkins Island.[15]

History

The island was one of several first sighted by Europeans on Saturday, 20 February 1802, from HMS Investigator whilst under the command of Matthew Flinders entered what is now Spencer Gulf. [16]

Flinders named the island on Wednesday, 24 February 1802, in memory of John Hopkins who lost his life, presumably drowned, along with seven other members of the crew on Sunday 21 February 1802 when one of HMS Investigator's cutters capsized near Cape Catastrophe.[17][18]

Economic activity

Guano

Hopkins Island is one of the island sites from which guano was mined under licence from the South Australian Government prior to 1919.[19]

Tourism

Hopkins Island is notable as a venue to see, swim and snorkel with Australian sea lions.[20]

Protected areas status

Since 30 September 2004, Hopkins Island has been part of the Memory Cove Wilderness Protection Area. Previously, it had been part of the Lincoln National Park.[21] It originally obtained protected area status as a fauna reserve under the former Fauna Conservation Act 1964 in 1965 and status as a fauna conservation reserve declared under the Crown Lands Act 1929–1966 on 16 March 1967.[22][23]

gollark: ```rusttype Items = HashMap<ItemType, u32>;fn quantity(items: &Items, desired: &ItemType) -> u32 { if let Some(available_quantity) = items.get(desired) { *available_quantity } else { 0 }}fn contains(items: &Items, desired: &Item) -> bool { quantity(items, &to_item_type(desired)) >= desired.quantity}fn satisfies(available: &Items, desired: &Items) -> bool { for (typ, desired_quantity) in desired.iter() { if quantity(available, typ) < *desired_quantity { return false } } true}fn to_map(is: &Vec<Item>) -> Items { let out = HashMap::new(); for i in is.iter() { out.entry(to_item_type_clone(i)) .and_modify(|e| { *e += 1 }) .or_insert(0); } out}fn one_item(i: Item) -> Items { let out = HashMap::new(); out.insert(to_item_type(&i), i.quantity); out}#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Clone)]pub struct CraftingResult { pub tasks: Vec<Recipe>, pub costs: Items, pub outputs: Items}fn solve(desired: Item, available: Items, recipes: &MultiMap<ItemType, Recipe>) -> CraftingResult { if contains(&available, &desired) { // If our available items list already contains the desired item, yay, we can just do nothing return CraftingResult { tasks: vec![], costs: one_item(desired), outputs: one_item(desired) } } if let Some(recipes) = recipes.get_vec(&to_item_type(&desired)) { for recipe in recipes.iter() { let result = solve() // ??? } } else { CraftingResult { tasks: vec![], costs: HashMap::new(), outputs: HashMap::new() } }}```My code, or at least part of it.
gollark: That is NOT THE HARD PART.
gollark: (I'm still confused though)
gollark: People have already given helpful suggestions how to, soo...
gollark: Parsing a recipe dump and figuring out the steps to autocraft an item.

References
  1. Robinson, A. C.; Canty, P.; Mooney, T.; Rudduck, P. (1996). "South Australia's offshore islands" (PDF). Australian Heritage Commission. pp. 238–239. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  2. Royal Australian Navy Hydrographic Service Hydrographic Department (1983). Port Lincoln and approaches (chart no. Aus 134).
  3. "VIEWS AND COMMENTS". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931). 16 November 1910. p. 9. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  4. "Out among the People". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954). 21 January 1936. p. 21. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  5. "Advertising". Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 - 1904). 3 April 1880. p. 17. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  6. "Advertising". South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900). 21 August 1885. p. 8. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  7. "Out among the people". Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954). 29 June 1933. p. 66. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  8. "Cut among the People". Register News-Pictorial (Adelaide, SA : 1929 - 1931). 25 February 1929. p. 6. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  9. "A CRUISE AMONG THE ISLANDS OF LOWER SPENCER GULF". Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954). 30 January 1936. p. 51. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  10. Robinson, A. C.; Canty, P.; Mooney, T.; Rudduck, P. (1996). "South Australia's offshore islands" (PDF). Australian Heritage Commission. p. 12. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  11. "Out among the People". Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954). 6 July 1933. p. 66. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  12. "A CRUISE AMONG THE ISLANDS OF LOWER SPENCER GULF". Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954). 30 January 1936. p. 51. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  13. "Passing By". News (Adelaide, SA : 1923 - 1954). 17 September 1934. p. 4. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  14. Goldsworthy, S.D.; Lavers, J.; Carey, M.; Lowther, A.D. (2013). "Assessment of the status of the Flesh-footed Shearwater in South Australia: population status, subspecies status and foraging ecology. Final Report to Nature Foundation SA (SARDI Publication No. F2013/000013-1. SARDI Research Report Series No. 736)" (PDF). South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences). p. 3. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  15. "VALUE OF BIG FISH TO S.A." Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954). 4 May 1938. p. 23. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  16. Flinders, Matthew (1966) [1814]. A Voyage to Terra Australis : undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country, and prosecuted in the years 1801, 1802, and 1803 in His Majesty's ship the Investigator, and subsequently in the armed vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner; with an account of the shipwreck of the Porpoise, arrival of the Cumberland at Mauritius, and imprisonment of the commander during six years and a half in that island (Facsimile ed.). Adelaide; Facsimile reprint of: London : G. and W. Nicol, 1814 ed. In two volumes, with an Atlas (3 volumes): Libraries Board of South Australia. p. 228. Retrieved 9 March 2013.CS1 maint: location (link)
  17. Flinders, Matthew (1966) [1814]. A Voyage to Terra Australis : undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country, and prosecuted in the years 1801, 1802, and 1803 in His Majesty's ship the Investigator, and subsequently in the armed vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner; with an account of the shipwreck of the Porpoise, arrival of the Cumberland at Mauritius, and imprisonment of the commander during six years and a half in that island (Facsimile reprint of: London, GB : G. and W. Nicol, 1814, ed. in two volumes, with an Atlas (3 volumes) ed.). Adelaide: Libraries Board of South Australia. p. 232. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  18. "An historic tablet; The Flinders inscription discovered". Chronicle. 26 April 1924. p. 53. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  19. Robinson, A. C.; Canty, P.; Mooney, T.; Rudduck, P. (1996). "South Australia's offshore islands" (PDF). Australian Heritage Commission. p. 134. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  20. Baker, J. L. (2004). Towards a System of Ecologically Representative Marine Protected Areas in South Australian Marine Bioregions – Technical Report. Part 3 (PDF). Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia. pp. 56–57.
  21. "Memory Cove Wilderness Protection Area Management Plan" (PDF). Department of Environment Water and Natural Resources. 2005. p. 1. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  22. "CROWN LANDS ACT, 1929–1966: FAUNA CONSERVATION RESERVES DEDICATED" (PDF). THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT GAZETTE. Government of South Australia. 16 March 1967. pp. 961–962. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  23. Robinson, A. C.; Canty, P.; Mooney, T.; Rudduck, P. (1996). "South Australia's offshore islands" (PDF). Australian Heritage Commission. p. 140. Retrieved 13 December 2013.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.