Historic bridges of New South Wales

This list documents historical bridges located in New South Wales, Australia. Road, rail and pedestrian bridges are listed. Generally bridges built before WWII (1939) have been included in this list.

Sydney Harbour Bridge

Historical context

Bridge construction in New South Wales starts with the needs of the first settlers and continues through to the present day with advanced bridge design. The infant colony had limited expertise and limited materials. As time passed, techniques and materials were developed that allowed greater spans to be crossed and therefore expansion of the colony into otherwise inaccessible areas.

The NSW Public Works Department was under pressure from a cash strapped government to produce as much road and bridge work for as little cost as possible.[1] The cheapest bridge was the timber truss which could be built with local timber.

All bridges are unique in the sense that the bridges were built using various technology, expertise, or materials or how they gained access to an area.

For example, at the time of early settlement, (1788 onwards) NSW was very isolated from the technological advances being developed in Europe and North America. Materials such as cast iron were unavailable to early colonial NSW bridge builders. NSW bridge builders had to rely on their own resourcefulness, bred of isolation, distance and the unique environment to make these bridges.

New South Wales's unusual environment, in general, results in unusual, and extreme river flows. This resulted in almost no water flow for most of the year with some flow each year and extreme floods around once a decade. Inland, the environment causes a low pressure system coming over the continent, due to a large high pressure of the Indian Ocean. This often occurs at summer, at which time it causes cyclone season, although it can occur at any time of year (but not inducing cyclones). At the coast, the cause is the "east coast low", which occurs at similar places at the eastern edge of a number continents, and sees the continent's normal high pressure systems becomes one large and stationary system, perhaps due to doldrums over the west coast's ocean. This phenomenon causes the global trade winds deviate, - inducing the low pressures at polar and tropical latitudes to connect along the east coast - producing a trough situation that mimics a tropical monsoon. An east coast low rain event can occur at any time of the year. Early settlers often replaced washed out bridges with a similarly rudimentary structure, only to see it also washed away in a heavy rain event. The government came to see that this was a major problem holding back economic development in New South Wales.

In solving these problems, colonial NSW embraced the innovations produced by others and adapted them successfully to the unique situations presented. There are examples of some fine 19th-century bridge engineering provided for the railway expansion, conceived mainly by British engineers working in the then isolation of the Australian inland. One examples of many of the newer European techniques that were used was the idea of the cable-stayed bridges.

Australia developed around coastal communities with rudimentary road systems to inland settlements. The early years saw early bridge technology limited very much to the 18th-century European technology of masonry arches and cast iron, the latter still in its infancy and not produced to any great extent in New South Wales.

NSW at the time of early settlement had an abundance of convict labour and had a need for rapid construction. In a country heavily timbered this led to basic timber structure bridges but as the colony gained stability, the government looked towards more permanent structures. Furthermore, as the skills for quarrying and stone dressing became available, masonry bridges began to be designed and built. As all metal materials had to be imported, iron bridges were rarely appropriate and were in any case still too novel for colonial application. Iron bridges were only used for major crossings on important corridors.[2]

Timber truss bridges, and timber bridges generally were so common that NSW was known to travellers as the "timber bridge state".[1]

The following list illustrates the development of New South Wales bridge construction techniques. The list commences from the earlier constructions through to the later developments.

New South Wales historic bridges

Sorted by date

19th century
Built Name Location Image Construction type
(materials)		 Length Use
(carries)		 In use Comments Refs Coordinates
mft
1833 Lennox Bridge Glenbrook Closed-spandrel deck arch 6 20 Road: Mitchell's Pass: downhill only
  • Motor vehicles
  • Pedestrians
  • Bicycles
 Yes Lennox Bridge is the oldest stone bridge on the Australian mainland. [3] 33°45′15″S 150°37′56″E
1836 Lansdowne Bridge Lansvale Closed-spandrel deck arch 33.5 110 Road: Hume Highway
  • Motor vehicles
  • Pedestrians
 Yes Largest span stone arch bridge in Australia. [4] 33°53′24″S 150°58′01″E
1839 Lennox Bridge Parramatta Closed-spandrel deck arch 27 89 Road: Church Street
  • Motor vehicles
  • Pedestrians
 Yes [5] 33°48′39″S 150°00′16″E
1858 Pyrmont Bridge Darling Harbour Swing bridge
 369 1,211 Road: Pyrmont Bridge Road
  • Pedestrians
  • Bicycles only
 Yes At the time of its construction, one of the largest swing spans in the world and it was one of the first to be powered by electricity. [6] 33°52′14″S 151°12′02″E
1861 Glebe Island Bridge Rozelle Bay Viaduct with a small hand-cranked swing-span
  • Timber beam deck
 319 1,045 Road: 1861-1862 No Replaced by Blackbutts Bridge (1862–1903). [7][8][9][10] 33°52′06″S 151°11′09″E
1863 Menangle railway viaduct Menangle Arch viaduct
145 476 Rail: Main Southern railway Yes Spanning the Nepean River and designed by John Whitton, it is the first large iron railway bridge erected in New South Wales. [11] 34°07′05″S 150°44′37″E
1867 Picton railway viaduct Picton Arch viaduct
84 276 Rail: Main Southern railway Yes Spanning Stonequarry Creek and designed by John Whitton, it is the oldest arch stone railway bridge erected in New South Wales and the first one built for two tracks. [12] 34°10′40″S 150°36′42″E
1867 Victoria Bridge Penrith Box plate girder 181 594
  • Motor vehicles
  • Pedestrians
  • Bicycles
 Yes Officially, The Nepean Bridge and designed by John Whitton, it is the oldest surviving crossing of the Hawkesbury–Nepean River. [13] 33°44′46″S 150°40′54″E
1867 Knapsack Viaduct Lapstone Arch viaduct 118 387
Yes Designed by John Whitton, the viaduct was initially part of the Lapstone Zig Zag, subsequently deviated via the Glenbrook Tunnel. [14] 33°46′00″S 150°37′00″E
1867 Prince Alfred Bridge Gundagai Warren truss 921 3,022
  • Road: Hume Highway (1867-1977)
  • Local traffic: (1977- present.)
  • Iron spans remain in use. Timber spans closed.
 Yes The first iron truss bridge in NSW. Main spans were used for local traffic only, after Hume Highway bypassed Gundagai. Timber spans subsequently declared unsafe for vehicular and pedestrian traffic. [15] 35°04′25″S 148°06′26″E
1869 The Great Zig Zag Clarence Arch viaducts 7,000 22,966
Yes Designed by John Whitton, the zig zag was bypassed via the Ten Tunnels Deviation in 1910. Part of the railway line was subsequently used as a narrow gauge tourist railway. [16][17][18][19] 33°28′19″S 150°11′43″E
1870 Bowenfels rail viaduct Bowenfels Arch viaduct
No The stone viaduct (foreground) was built in 1870; and the brick viaduct (background) completed in 1921 that duplicated the railway line and superseded the 1870 viaduct. [20] 33°28′22″S 150°07′38″E
1870 Marrangaroo railway viaduct Marrangaroo Arch viaduct
No A single-track stone viaduct was built in 1870; and a double-track brick viaduct completed in 1923 that duplicated the railway line and superseded the 1870 viaduct. [21][22] 33°26′17″S 150°06′44″E
1870 Denison Bridge Bathurst Steel American Pratt truss Road Yes Now pedestrian only [23] 33°25′02″S 149°35′31″E
1870 Mudgee Road Bridge Wallerawang Stone Road Yes (private) 33°24′47″S 150°05′54″E
1870 Coxs River Bridge Wallerawang Arch viaduct
No A single-track stone viaduct was built in 1870; and a double-track brick viaduct completed in 1923 that duplicated the railway line and superseded the 1870 viaduct. [24] 33°24′20″S 150°04′59″E
1873 Hay Bridge Hay Lattice girder swing bridge Road No Demolished when the new road bridge opened in 1973 [25][26] 34°30′59″S 144°50′33″E
1874 Windsor Bridge Windsor Road Yes [27] 33°36′11″S 150°49′20″E
1881 Nowra Bridge Nowra Steel Whipple Truss 342 1,122 Road Yes [28] 34°51′51″S 150°36′07″E
1881 Gladesville Bridge
(the 1881 bridge)		 Drummoyne Road No Demolished when the new road bridge opened in 1964 [29] 33°50′32″S 151°08′35″E
1881 Dubbo Rail Bridge Dubbo Wrought iron lattice girder bridge Rail Yes [30] 32°14′38″S 149°35′39″E
1882 Peel River Bridge Tamworth Iron lattice girder 3,000 914 Rail Yes [31] 31°05′06″S 150°55′23″E
1885 Como Bridge
(formerly Como Railway Bridge)		 Como - Oatley spanning Georges River Lattice girder bridge Pedestrian, Viaduct (formerly Rail) Yes "The Como Rail Bridge is significant as the longest single track lattice girder bridge in New South Wales and is a rare example of this type Historically, the bridge contributed to the opening up of the southern suburbs of Sydney in the 1880s. While the rail infrastructure has largely been removed from the bridge, it continues to serve an important function, supporting the Woronora to Penshurst Water Supply Pipeline, part of Sydney's fifth water supply system. It also provides an important pedestrian link across the Georges River." [32] 33°59′42″S 151°04′15″E
1886 Three trestles Main North Line Timber Queen post truss viaduct on wooden trestles Rail No Three of five bridges built
Beardy Waters, Severn River, Bluff River		 [33][34][35] 29°38′17″S 151°46′50″E
29°34′55″S 151°48′09″E
29°12′01″S 152°01′00″E
1886 Meadowbank Bridge Meadowbank Truss Bridge Rail Yes Now bicycles and pedestrians only. New John Whitton Bridge was built to replace the original bridge in 1980. [36] 33°49′19″S 151°05′20″E
1888 Brewarrina Bridge Brewarrina Wrought iron lift bridge with timber beam approaches 91 299 Road Yes Now pedestrian only [37] 29°56′51″S 146°51′48″E
1888 Mulga St Bridge Oatley Double stone culvert Road Yes Now covered with modern roadwork, the stonework is still visible from Myles Dunphy Reserve. [38] 33°58′50″S 151°4′40″E
1888 Sunnyside Tenterfield Timber Queen post truss viaduct on stone trestles rail no Sunnyside rail bridge over Tenterfield Creek [39] 28°59′08″S 151°56′58″E
1891 Murrumbidgee River railway bridge Wagga Wagga Wrought iron lattice truss Rail No Removed in 2007 [40] 35°6′57″S 147°22′58″E
1892 Yass Town rail bridge Yass Truss Rail No disused [41] 34°50′21″S 148°54′22″E
1893 McKanes Falls Bridge Lithgow McDonald truss 27 89 Road Yes [42] 33°32′58″S 150°07′28″E
1895 Wilcannia Bridge Wilcannia Steel truss bridge Road No Accessible to public. Used to carry Barrier Highway and spans over Darling River. [43] 31°33′37″S 143°22′47″E
1895 Tharwa Bridge Tharwa Timber Allan Truss Road Yes [44] 35°30′31″S 149°04′14″E
1895 Hampden Bridge Wagga Wagga Timber Allan Truss 100.5 330 Road Yes Closed to public. To be demolished in 2013 [45] 35°6′3″S 147°22′7″E
1897 Victoria Bridge Picton Timber Allan Truss 80 262 Road Yes tallest trestle in NSW [46] 34°10′49″S 150°36′38″E
1897 Wallaby Rocks Bridge (Turon River) Wallaby Rocks Allan timber truss 106.7 350 Road Yes [47] 33°04′26″S 149°38′59″E
1898 Hampden Bridge Kangaroo Valley suspension with sandstone turrets 80 262 Road Yes [48] 34°43′40″S 150°31′16″E
1898 Morpeth Bridge Morpeth Allan truss 250 820 Road Yes [49] 32°43′26″S 151°37′36″E

20th century
Built Name Location Image Construction type
(materials)		 Length Use
(carries)		 In use Comments Refs Coordinates
mft
1901 Hinton Bridge Hinton Allan truss 178.6 586 Road Yes [50] 32°42′51″S 151°38′52″E
1901 De Burghs Bridge
(the 1901 bridge)		 West Pymble Road No Replaced by new road bridge in 1967. Old bridge destroyed by bushfires in January 1994 [51] 33°46′33″S 151°8′12″E
1902 Gundagai Rail Bridge Gundagai Timber Howe deck trusses 819 2,687 Rail No over Murrumbidgee River [52] 33°04′23″S 148°06′17″E
1903 St Albans Bridge St Albans DeBurgh timber truss Road Yes [53] 33°17′39″S 150°58′22″E
1903 Maldon suspension bridge Maldon Road No [54] 34°12′08″S 150°37′56″E
1911 Scabbing Flat Bridge Dubbo Timber Dare-type truss Road Yes [55] 32°25′50″S 148°48′36″E
1914 Mungindi Bridge Mungindi Timber Dare-type truss Road Yes To be replaced by a new bridge which is under construction 28°58′33″S 148°59′05″E
1916 Rawsonville Bridge Dubbo Timber Dare-type truss Road Yes [56] 32°11′28″S 148°26′59″E
1918 Fullers Bridge Chatswood West Road Yes [57] 33°47′34″S 151°09′25″E
1924 Mulwala Bridge Mulwala Steel Pratt Truss Road Yes [58] 36°00′15″S 146°00′15″E
1924 Roseville Bridge
(the 1924 bridge)		 Roseville Chase Road No Replaced by new road bridge in 1966. Used as a pedestrian bridge until it was demolished in 1974. [59] 33°46′27″S 151°12′19″E
1927 Subway Lane bridge Homebush Rail Yes [60] 33°51′58″S 151°05′03″E
1929 Tom Uglys Bridge
(the 1929 bridge)		 Blakehurst Truss bridge 499 1,637 Road Yes [61] 34°00′12″S 151°06′48″E
1932 Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney Steel through arch bridge Road, rail, pedestrian and bicycle Yes [62] 33°51′29″S 151°12′39″E
1932 Grafton Grafton Bascule
  • Road (upper deck)
  • Rail (lower deck)
Yes [63] 29°41′53″S 152°56′32″E
1935 Ryde Bridge
(the 1935 bridge)		 Ryde Lift bridge Road Yes [64] 33°49′25″S 151°05′42″E
1936 Kindee Bridge Kindee suspension 70 230 Road Yes Crosses Hastings River near Long Flat [65] 31°25′20″S 152°28′13″E
1939 Long Gully Bridge Northbridge Concrete arch Road Yes Rebuilt and replaced the 1892 bridge [66] 33°48′59″S 151°12′44″E

Allan type truss

The Allan truss bridge is named after Percy Allan, a famous Australian engineer who designed this bridge type. His design consisted of vertical and diagonal arrangements comprising a combination of timber and iron elements. The timber elements were designed to be in compression and the iron elements in tension. Allen's design followed extensive testing of Australian hardwoods by Prof. Warren and his early engineering students at Sydney University. The timber used was mostly ironbark because of its high strength. Other features of Allan's truss design included design to minimize later maintenance and/or replacement of elements. For this reason the trusses were built in pairs to facilitate work on a particular element without requiring the whole bridge to be supported, as was the case with previous timber designs. Allan's design was very cost-effective.

The Hampden Bridge in New South Wales Australia was the first of a larger style bridge to be built on Percy Allan’s design[67] with the Tharwa Bridge pre-dating it.

Dare type truss

Harvey Dare was a leading engineer in the Public Works Department, and a prominent figure in early 20th century NSW. He was a designer of bridges and he developed the Dare Truss which was similar to the Allan truss but contained improvements which made them stronger and easier to maintain. This engineering enhancement represents a significant evolution of the design of timber truss bridges, and gives Dare trusses some technical significance. Dare Trusses were the fifth of the five stages of evolution of timber truss road bridges in NSW.[1]

In 1998 there were 27 surviving Dare trusses in NSW of the 40 built, and 82 timber truss road bridges survive from the over 400 built.[1]

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See also

References
  1. "Heritage & Conservation Register". NSW Government-Roads and Traffic Authority. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  2. "Technology in Australia 1788-1988". University of Melbourne. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  3. "Lennox Bridge". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H00024. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  4. "Lansdowne Bridge over Prospect Creek". New South Wales Heritage Database. Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  5. "Lennox Bridge, Parramatta". Heritage and Conservation Register, Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales. 14 May 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  6. "Pyrmont Bridge: A symbol of Australia's industrial history". Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority. Government of New South Wales. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  7. "The Pyrmont Bridge Company's Road". Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney. 13 October 1859. p. 8. Retrieved 5 September 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
  8. "Commencement of the Glebe Island Bridge". Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney. 11 October 1860. p. 4. Retrieved 1 September 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. "Commencement of the Glebe Island Bridge". The Sydney Mail. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 13 October 1860. p. 8. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  10. "Country Works". The Sydney Mail. Sydney. 26 October 1861. p. 2. Retrieved 1 September 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. "Menangle rail bridge over Nepean River". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H01047. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  12. "Picton railway viaduct over Stonequarry Creek". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H01051. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  13. "Victoria Bridge". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  14. "Knapsack Viaduct, Lapstone". New South Wales Heritage Database. Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  15. "Prince Alfred Bridge". New South Wales Heritage Database. Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  16. "Great Zig Zag Railway and Reserves". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H00542. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  17. Holliday, Rebekah. "Fire tears through iconic Zig Zag Railway". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  18. "Zig Zag Railway". Zig Zag Railway. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  19. "Zig Zag Railway battling adversity to finally get itself back on track". Blue Mountains Gazette. 20 January 2015.
  20. "Bowenfels Rail Viaducts". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H01028. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  21. "Marrangaroo railway viaduct". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H01046. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  22. "Marrangaroo, Middle River Stone Viaduct". New South Wales Heritage Database. Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  23. "Denison Bridge". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H01665. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  24. "Wallerawang rail bridges over Cox's River". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H01064. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  25. ""New bridges" (PDF). Main Roads: Journal of the Department of Main Roads, New South Wales. NSW 39 (1): 1–3. Retrieved 7 April 2020" (PDF). 39 (1). Department of Main Roads; Government of New South Wales. September 1973.
  26. GHD Group (n.d.). "Volume 2: Bascule and Swing Span Bridges - Movable Span Bridge Study" (PDF). Roads and Maritime Services. pp. 144, 147, 148, 149. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  27. "Windsor Bridge replacement- Road Projects". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  28. "Nowra Bridge over the Shoalhaven River". New South Wales Heritage Database. Office of Environment and Heritage.
  29. "Gladesville Bridge". New South Wales Heritage Database. Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  30. "Dubbo Railway Precinct". New South Wales Heritage Database. Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  31. "The Great Northern Railway Extension". The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser. XXXIII (1123). New South Wales, Australia. 14 January 1882. p. 68. Retrieved 29 November 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  32. "Como Rail Bridge". Sydney Water. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  33. "Yarraford rail bridge over Beardy Waters". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage.
  34. "Dundee rail bridge over Severn River". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage.
  35. "Sandy Flat, Bluff River Underbridge". New South Wales Heritage Database. Office of Environment and Heritage.
  36. "Meadowbank (Parramatta River) Underbridge". NSW Environment & Heritage. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  37. "Heritage Register-Brewarrina Bridge over Barwon River". NSW Government-Roads & Traffic Authority. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  38. "Hurstville". Sydney Morning Herald, 22 Sep 1888 via Trove. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  39. "Sunnyside rail bridge over Tenterfield Creek". Office of Environment & Heritage. NSW Govt.
  40. "Murrumbidgee River Rail Bridge (Place ID 15910)". Australian Heritage Database. Department of the Environment.
  41. "Yass Town rail bridge over Yass River". Office of Environment & Heritage. NSW Govt.
  42. "McKanes Falls Bridge". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H01473. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  43. "Barrier Highway (NSW)". Ozroads. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  44. "20036. Tharwa Bridge" (PDF). Chief Minister's Department.
  45. "Hampden Bridge, The (Timber Truss Bridge)". New South Wales Heritage Database. Office of Environment and Heritage.
  46. "Victoria Bridge over Stonequarry Creek". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H01484. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  47. "Bridge over Turon River at Wallaby Rocks". Office of Environment & Heritage. NSW Government. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  48. "Hampden Bridge, Kangaroo Valley". Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  49. "Morpeth Bridge over the Hunter River". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H01476. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  50. "Hinton Bridge - Road Projects". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  51. "THE LANE COVE BRIDGE AND THE FIELD OF MARS TRAM". Australian Town and Country Journal. LXII (1621). New South Wales. 2 March 1901. p. 23. Retrieved 20 November 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  52. "Gundagai rail bridge over Murrumbidgee River". Office of Environment & Heritage. NSW Government. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  53. "Heritage Register-St Albans Bridge". NSW Government-Roads & Traffic Authority. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  54. "MINISTERS AT MALDON". The Sydney Morning Herald (20, 283). New South Wales, Australia. 13 March 1903. p. 4. Retrieved 2 October 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  55. "Heritage Register-Scabbing Flat". NSW Government-Roads & Traffic Authority. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  56. "Heritage Register-Rawsonville". NSW Government-Roads & Traffic Authority. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  57. "Fullers Bridge Over Lane Cove River". Environment & Heritage. Government of New South Wales. 17 April 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  58. "Mulwala Bridge over Murray River". Roads and Transport Authority (NSW). Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  59. Kass, Terry (February 2006). "RTA Thematic History: A component of the RTA Heritage and Conservation Register" (PDF). NSW Roads & Maritime Services (PDF) (2nd ed.). Government of New South Wales. pp. 24, 90. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  60. "Reason for train delays proves a bridge too far". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  61. "Tom Uglys Bridge over the Georges River (1929)". Heritage and conservation register. Roads and Traffic Authority, New South Wales. 16 March 2001. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  62. "Sydney Harbour Bridge, Bradfield Hwy, Dawes Point - Milsons Point, NSW, Australia (Place ID 105888)". Australian Heritage Database. Department of the Environment.
  63. "Grafton rail and road bridge over Clarence River". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H01036. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  64. "Ryde Bridge over Parramatta River". Heritage and conservation register, Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales. 2004. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  65. "80th Anniversary of Kindee Bridge". Port Macquarie News. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  66. "Long Gully Bridge Appendix F Landscape and visual impact assessment" (PDF). NSW Government-Roads & Traffic Authority. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  67. "Types Of Truss Bridges". Bozzle Website. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
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