Hinamatsuri

Hinamatsuri (雛祭り, Hina-matsuri), also called Doll's Day or Girls' Day, is a special day in Japan.[1] Celebrated on 3 March of each year,[2] platforms covered with a red carpet-material are used to display a set of ornamental dolls (雛人形, hina-ningyō) representing the Emperor, Empress, attendants, and musicians in traditional court dress of the Heian period.[3]:52

"Girls Day" redirects here. For the pop music group, see Girl's Day.
For the manga series, see Hinamatsuri (manga).
Hinamatsuri
Seven-tiered Hina doll set
Also calledJapanese Doll Festival, Girls' Day
Observed byJapan
TypeReligious
Date3 March
Frequencyannual
Related toShangsi Festival, Samjinnal

Customs

Hinamatsuri is one of the five seasonal festivals (五節句, go-sekku) that are held on auspicious dates of the Chinese calendar: the first day of the first month, the third day of the third month, and so on. After the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, these were fixed on 1 January, 3 March, 5 May, 7 July, and 9 September. The festival was traditionally known as the Peach Festival (桃の節句, Momo no Sekku), as peach trees typically began to flower around this time.[4] Although this is no longer true since the shift to Gregorian dates, the name remains and peaches are still symbolic of the festival.[5]

The primary aspect of Hinamatsuri is the display of seated male and female dolls (the obina (男雛) and mebina (女雛), literally "male doll" and "female doll" respectively), which represent a Heian period wedding,[5] but usually described as the Emperor and Empress of Japan[6]), usually on red cloth. These may be as simple as pictures or folded paper, or intricately carved three-dimensional dolls. More elaborate displays will include a multi-tiered doll stand (雛壇, hinadan) of dolls that represent ladies of the court, musicians, and other attendants, with all sorts of accoutrements. The entire set of dolls and accessories is called the hinakazari (雛飾り).[4] The number of tiers and dolls a family may have depends on their budget.

Families normally ensure that girls have a set of the two main dolls before their first Hinamatsuri. The dolls are usually fairly expensive ($1,500 to $2,500 for a five-tier set, depending on quality) and may be handed down from older generations as heirlooms. The hinakazari spends most of the year in storage, and girls and their mothers begin setting up the display a few days before 3 March (boys normally do not participate, as 5 May, now Children's Day was historically called "Boys' Day").[7] Traditionally, the dolls were supposed to be put away by the day after Hinamatsuri, the superstition being that leaving the dolls any longer will result in a late marriage for the daughter,[8] but some families may leave them up for the entire month of March.[7] Practically speaking, the encouragement to put everything away quickly is to avoid the rainy season and humidity that typically follow Hinamatsuri.[9] Historically, the dolls were used as toys,[6] but in modern times they are intended for display only.[7] The display of dolls usually discontinues when the girls reach 10 years old.[6]

During Hinamatsuri and the preceding days, girls hold parties with their friends. Typical foods include hina-arare (雛あられ) (multi-colored rice crackers), chirashizushi (ちらし寿司) (raw fish and vegetables on rice in a bowl or bento box), hishi mochi (菱餅) (multicolored rice cakes),[4] ichigo daifuku (いちご大福) (strawberries wrapped in adzuki bean paste), Sakuramochi (桜餅) and ushiojiru (うしお汁) (clam soup, as clam shells represent a joined pair).[5] The customary drink is shirozake (白酒) (lit. "white sake"), also called amazake (甘酒) (lit. "sweet sake") a non-alcoholic sake.[10][5]

Nagashi-bina (流し雛, lit. "doll floating") ceremonies are held around the country, where participants make dolls out of paper or straw and send them on a boat down a river, carrying one's impurities and sin with them. Some locations, such as at the Nagashibina Doll Museum in Tottori City, still follow the lunisolar calendar instead of doing it on 3 March.[11]

Placement

The actual placement order of the dolls from left to right varies according to family tradition and location, but the order of dolls per level is the same.[9] The layer of covering is called dankake (段掛) or simply hi-mōsen (緋毛氈), a red carpet with rainbow stripes at the bottom. The description that follows is for a complete set.

  • 18th-century mebina, Empress doll, on display at Musée d'ethnographie de Genève
  • 18th-century obina, Emperor doll, on dispay at Musée d'ethnographie de Genève
  • Hinamatsuri store display in Seattle, Washington featuring all 7 tiers.
  • An Emperor doll with an Empress doll, in front of a gold screen. The optional lampstands are also partially visible.
  • Tsurushibina is a variation of the traditional Hina-Ningyou dolls (Kanzo-Yashiki, Kōshū, Yamanashi Prefecture).

First, top platform

The top tier holds two dolls, known as imperial dolls (内裏雛 (だいりびな), dairi-bina). The words dairi means "imperial palace". These are the obina holding a ritual baton (笏, shaku) and mebina holding a fan. The pair are also known as tono (殿) and hime (姫) (lord and princess) or Odairi-sama (御内裏様) and Ohina-sama (御雛様) (honored palace official and honored doll).[12] Although they are sometimes referred to as the Emperor and Empress, they only represent the positions and not the actual individuals themselves (with the exception of some dolls from the Meiji period that actually depict Emperor Meiji and Empress Shōken). The two are usually placed in front of a gold folding screen byōbu (屏風) and placed beside green Japanese garden trees.[6]

Optional are the two lampstands, called bonbori (雪洞),[13] and the paper or silk lanterns that are known as hibukuro (火袋), which are usually decorated with cherry or plum blossom patterns.

Complete sets would include accessories placed between the two figures, known as sanbō kazari (三方飾),[14] composing of two vases of artificial peach branches (口花, kuchibana).[15]

Generally speaking, the Kansai style arrangement has the male on the right, while Kantō style arrangements have him on the left (from the viewer's perspective).[9]

Second platform

The second tier holds three court ladies san-nin kanjo (三人官女) who serve sake to the male and female dolls. Two of them are standing with serving utensils, one with a long handle (長柄の銚子, Nagae no chōshi) and the other with a short one (加えの銚子, Kuwae no chōshi). The third (三方, Sanpō), placed in the middle, holds a small table and may be standing or sitting/kneeling.[6]

Accessories placed between the ladies are takatsuki (高坏), stands with round table-tops for seasonal sweets, excluding hishi mochi.[9]

Third platform

The third tier holds five male musicians gonin bayashi (五人囃子). Each holds a musical instrument except the singer, who holds a fan:[6][9][16]

  1. Small drum (太鼓, Taiko), seated,
  2. Large drum (大鼓, Ōtsuzumi), standing,
  3. Hand drum (小鼓, Kotsuzumi), standing,
  4. Flute (笛, Fue), or Yokobue (横笛), seated,
  5. Singer (謡い方, Utaikata), holding a folding fan (扇子, sensu), standing.

There are ancient sets with seven or ten musicians, and at least one with female musicians.[6]

Fourth platform

Two ministers (大臣, daijin) may be displayed on the fourth tier. These may be the emperor's bodyguards, or administrators in Kyoto: the Minister of the Right (右大臣, Udaijin) and the Minister of the Left (左大臣, Sadaijin). Both are sometimes equipped with bows and arrows. When representing the ministers, the Minister of the Right is depicted as a young person, while the Minister of the Left is older because that position was the more senior of the two. Also, because the dolls are placed in positions relative to each other, the Minister of the Right will be on "stage right" (the viewer's left) and the Minister of the Left will be on the other side.[6][16]

Between the two figures are covered bowl tables (掛盤膳, kakebanzen), also referred to as o-zen (お膳), as well as diamond-shaped stands (菱台, hishidai) bearing diamond-shaped hishi mochi.[16]

Just below the ministers: on the rightmost, a mandarin orange tree (右近の橘, Ukon no tachibana), and on the leftmost, a cherry blossom tree (左近の桜, Sakon no sakura).

Fifth platform

The fifth tier, between the plants, holds three helpers (仕丁, shichō) or protectors (衛士, eji) of the Emperor and Empress:[6][16]

  1. Crying drinker nakijōgo (泣き上戸),
  2. Angry drinker okorijōgo (怒り上戸), and
  3. Laughing drinker waraijōgo (笑い上戸)

Other platforms

On the sixth and seventh tiers, a variety of miniature furniture, tools, carriages, etc., are displayed.

Sixth platform

These are items used within the palatial residence.[9]

  • tansu (箪笥) : chest of (usually five) drawers, sometimes with swinging outer covering doors.
  • nagamochi (長持) : long chest for kimono storage.
  • hasamibako (挟箱) : smaller clothing storage box, placed on top of nagamochi.
  • kyōdai (鏡台) : literally mirror stand, a smaller chest of drawers with a mirror on top.
  • haribako (針箱) : sewing kit box.
  • two hibachi (火鉢) : braziers.
  • daisu (台子) : a set of ocha dōgu (お茶道具) or cha no yu dōgu (茶の湯道具), utensils for the tea ceremony.

Seventh, bottom platform

These are items used when away from the palatial residence.[9]

  • jubako (重箱), a set of nested lacquered food boxes with either a cord tied vertically around the boxes or a stiff handle that locks them together.
  • gokago (御駕籠 or 御駕篭), a palanquin.
  • goshoguruma (御所車), an ox-drawn carriage favored by Heian nobility. This last is sometimes known as gisha or gyuusha (牛車).
  • Less common, hanaguruma (花車), an ox drawing a cart of flowers.

Origin

The earliest record of displaying the dolls as part of the Peach Festival comes from 1625, for Emperor Go-Mizunoo's daughter Oki-ko. Imperial court ladies set up equipment for her to engage in doll play (雛遊び, hina asobi). After Oki-ko succeeded her father as the Empress Meishō, Hinamatsuri legally became the name of the holiday in 1687. Doll-makers began making elaborate dolls for the festival (some growing as tall as 3 feet (1 meter) high before laws were passed restricting their size) and over time, the hinazakari evolved to include fifteen dolls and their accessories. As dolls became more expensive, tiers were added to the hinadan so that the expensive ones could be placed out of the reach of young children.[6]

During the Meiji period as Japan began to modernize and the emperor was restored to power, Hinamatsuri was deprecated in favor of new holidays that focused on the emperor's supposed bond with the nation, but it was revived. By focusing on marriage and families, it represented Japanese hopes and values, and as the dolls were said to represent the emperor and empress, it also fostered respect for the throne. The holiday then spread to other countries via the Japanese diaspora, although it remains confined to immigrant Japanese communities and their descendants.[6]

gollark: I can marry people via my bot.
gollark: Utter parametric equation.
gollark: I can't actually visualize things anyway, so difficulty visualizing 4D isn't a problem for me!
gollark: Yes, but I mean how does that work?
gollark: Which is useful how?

See also

References
  1. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Hina Matsuri" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 313.
  2. Sosnoski, Daniel (1996). Introduction to Japanese culture. Tuttle Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 0-8048-2056-2. Hina matsuri.
  3. Pate, Alan Scott (2008). Japanese Dolls: The Fascinating World of Ningyo. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 4-8053-0922-9.
  4. ""Hinamatsuri": Japan's Doll Festival". Nippon.com. Nippon Communications Foundation. 27 February 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  5. Itoh, Makiko (25 February 2011). "Delicious dishes that are fit for a princess". The Japan Times. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  6. Shoaf, Judy. "Girls' Day Dolls". University of Florida. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  7. Nakahara, Tetsuo (24 February 2016). "Girl power the Hina Matsuri way". Stripes Okinawa. Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  8. Sasaki, Mizue (1999). 日本事情入門 View of Today's Japan. Alc. p. 36. ISBN 4-87234-434-0.
  9. "Hinamatsuri, A Day of Celebration For Girls". VOYAPON. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  10. Rupp, Katherine (2003). Gift-giving in Japan: cash, connections, cosmologies. Stanford University Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-8047-4704-0.
  11. Davies, Jake. "Nagashibina Doll Museum". JapanVisitor Japan Travel Guide. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  12. 捨てたいのに広まった　「うれしいひなまつり」. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 2 March 2012. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012.
  13. "Bonbori 雪洞" (in Japanese). Weblio.
  14. "Sanbō 三方" (in Japanese). Weblio.
  15. "Kuchibana 口花" (in Japanese). Weblio.
  16. "Hina Matsuri (The Doll's Festival)". Zooming Japan. 3 March 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2018.

Further reading
  • Ishii, Minako. Girls' Day/Boys' Day. Honolulu: Bess Press Inc.,　2007. ISBN 1-57306-274-X. A children's picture book.
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