Henry Savile (Bible translator)

Sir Henry Savile (30 November 1549 – 19 February 1622)[1] was an English scholar and mathematician, Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and Provost of Eton.[2] He endowed the Savilian chairs of Astronomy and of Geometry at Oxford University, and was one of the scholars who translated the New Testament from Greek into English. He was a Member of the Parliament of England for Bossiney in Cornwall in 1589, and Dunwich in Suffolk in 1593.[3]

Henry Savile in 1621. School of Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger

Life

He was the son of Henry Savile of Over Bradley, Stainland, near Halifax, West Yorkshire, England,[1] a member of an old county family, the Saviles of Methley, and of his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Ramsden.[3]

He was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1561. He then became a Fellow of Merton College in 1565.[4] He established a reputation as a Greek scholar and mathematician by voluntary lectures on Ptolemy's Almagest, and in 1575 became Junior Proctor of the university. In 1578 he travelled on the continent of Europe, where he collected manuscripts, and is said to have been employed by Queen Elizabeth as her resident in the Low Countries. On his return he was named Greek tutor to the Queen.[3]

In 1583, Lord Burghley appointed Savile, with John Chamber and Thomas Digges, to sit on a commission to consider whether England should adopt the Gregorian calendar, as proposed by John Dee.[5] In 1585 he was established as Warden of Merton by a vigorous exercise of the interest of Burghley and Secretary Walsingham. He proved a successful and autocratic head of house, generally unpopular with Fellows and undergraduates, but under him the college flourished. His translation of four books of the Histories of Tacitus, with the learned Commentary on Roman Warfare (1591), enhanced his reputation.[6] He also sat in Parliament as one of the two members for Bossiney in 1589 and for Dunwich (both were notorious rotten boroughs) in 1593.[3]

On 26 May 1596 he obtained the provostship of Eton College, the reward of persistent begging. He was not qualified for the post under the statutes of the college, for he was not in holy orders, and the Queen was reluctant to name him. Savile insisted with considerable ingenuity that the Queen had a right to dispense with statutes, and at last he got his way. In February 1601 he was put under arrest on suspicion of having been concerned in the rebellion of the Earl of Essex.

He was soon released, and his friendship with the faction of Essex went far to gain him the favour of James I. So no doubt did the views he had maintained in regard to the statutes of Eton. It may have been to his advantage that his elder brother, Sir John Savile (1545–1607), was a high prerogative lawyer and one of the barons of the exchequer, who in 1606 affirmed the right of the King to impose import and export duties on his own authority.

On 30 September 1604 Savile was knighted, and in that year he was named one of the body of scholars appointed to prepare the Authorised Version of the Bible. He was entrusted with parts of the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles and the Book of Revelation.

In 1619 he founded and endowed a chair in astronomy and a chair in geometry at Oxford, both bearing his name. He died at Eton on 19 February 1622, and is buried there. A fine mural monument to him in Merton College Chapel offers views of contemporary Merton and Eton and references to his literary achievements (notably Chrysostom).

Sir Henry Savile has sometimes been confounded with another Henry Savile, called Long Harry (1570–1617), who gave currency to the forged addition to the Chronicle of Asser which contains the story that King Alfred founded the University of Oxford.

Works
Title page of Savile's introductory lectures on Euclid's Elements, Praelectiones tresdecim in principium elementorum Euclidis (1621)

In 1596 Savile produced the first printed edition of the first four books of the Gesta Pontificum Anglorum – an ecclesiastical history of England written by William of Malmesbury in the early 12th century. Savile used Cambridge University Library MS Ff.1.25.1 as his source for this, which was a copy of a copy of the original manuscript.[7]

His edition of the works of St. John Chrysostom in eight folio volumes was published in 1610–1613. It was printed by the king's printer on a private press erected at the expense of Sir Henry, who imported the type. The Chrysostom cost him £8000 and did not sell well. However, it was the most considerable work of pure learning undertaken in England, as it involved consulting French Chrysostomians and the despatching of young researchers to the Imperial Library in Vienna and the Patriarchal Library at Heybeliada or Halki, (then under the Ottoman Empire) and other leading monasteries and/or collections in his time. At the same press he published an edition of the Cyropaedia in 1618.[1][8]

Savile was keen to impart his understanding of mathematics to his students at Oxford, and in founding the Geometry chair he gave thirteen preparatory lectures on the original books of Euclid's Elements in 1620. These were published in 1621 as his Praelectiones tresdecim in principium elementorum Euclidis, Oxonii habitae MCDXX. Oxonii: Excudebant[lower-alpha 1] Iohannes Lichfield,[11] & Iacobus Short, 1621. ('Thirteen introductory lectures on the principal elements of Euclid, considered [or reasoned] at Oxford in 1620'.) It was Savile who first traced the hand of Theon of Alexandria as a commentator on Euclid.[12]

The edition published in England, until then the only one containing all the extant works attributed to Euclid, was that of Dr David Gregory, published at Oxford in 1703, with the title, Εὐκλείδου τὰ σωζόμενα, Euclidis quae supersunt omnia. The parallel Greek text is that of the 1533 Basel edition by Simon Grynäus, corrected from Savile's 13th century Greek MSS. which Savile bequeathed to the Savilian Library,[13] and from Savile's annotations in his own copy. The Latin translation, which accompanies the Greek on the same page, is for the most part that of Commandino.[1]

Family

In 1592 he married Margaret, daughter of George Dacre, of Chesham. In 1604 their only son died, and Savile is thought to have been induced by this loss to devote the bulk of his fortune to the promotion of learning. His surviving child Elizabeth married Sir John Sedley and was mother of Sir Charles Sedley.[14]

His brother, Thomas Savile (died 1593), was also a member of Merton College and had some reputation as a scholar.[14]

gollark: Anyway, can I *fix* this issue somehow or must I just refactor the program to apiovoid this?
gollark: No.
gollark: A web application which will applicate some webs.
gollark: An apioform is an apioform.
gollark: Well, I wanted to write a thing, and my choices are/were essentially:- Rust - kind of annoying (yes, yes, I know) since I don't care that much about performance and don't mind just waiting for the garbage collector to garbage collect- JavaScript - fast/easy for me to write, but horribly resource-inefficient and it'll probably break in a few months from dependencies- Python - I don't really like it for larger-scale things, and dependency management is still fairly bees- something else, and I'd heard OCaml was neat

References

Notes
  1. Excudere originally meant to forge, fashion or prepare any thing:[9] According to William Whitaker, the sense of 'to publish' was coined by Erasmus.[10]

Citations
  1. Goulding, R. D. "Savile, Sir Henry (1549–1622)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  2. Hammer, Paul E. J. (1999). The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585–1597. Cambridge University Press. p. 302. ISBN 0521434858.
  3. "Savile, Henry II (1549–1622), of Oxford and Eton, Bucks". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  4. White, Henry Julian (1906). Merton College, Oxford. pp. 93–94.
  5. Adam Mosley, 'Chamber, John (1546–1604), in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)
  6. Womersley, David (August 1991). "Sir Henry Savile's Translation of Tacitus and the Political Interpretation of Elizabethan Texts". The Review of English Studies. 42 (167): 313–342. doi:10.1093/res/xlii.167.313. JSTOR 518347.
  7. Paul, Suzanne. "MS Ff.1.25.1". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  8. Birch, Dinah (2009). The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192806871.
  9. Lewis and Short, A New Latin Latin Dictionary, p. 680.
  10. Whitaker, William. Words.
  11. John Lichfield was printer to the university of Oxford from 1617 to 1635, and was also yeoman bedell. See Lichfield, Leonard (DNB00)
  12. Knight, Charles (1866–1872). "Euclid". Biography, Volume 2. The English Encyclopedia. London: Bradbury, Evans & Co. p. 829 [pdf 423].CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) CS1 maint: date format (link)
  13. "MS. Savile 13". Medieval Manuscripts in Oxford Libraries. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  14. Carr, William (1897). "Savile, Henry (1549-1622)" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 50. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 367.

Sources
Academic offices
Preceded by
Thomas Bickley		 Warden of Merton College, Oxford
1585–1625		 Succeeded by
Nathaniel Brent
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