Hemiramphus far

Hemiramphus far, the halfbeak, black-barred halfbeak, black-barred garfish, barred halfbeak, barred garfish or spotted halfbeak, is a schooling marine fish in the family Hemiramphidae. It has an Indo-Pacific distribution and has invaded the eastern Mediterranean through the Suez Canal.

Hemiramphus far
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Beloniformes
Family: Hemiramphidae
Genus: Hemiramphus
Species:
H. far
Binomial name
Hemiramphus far
(Forsskål, 1775)
Synonyms[1]
  • Esox far Forsskål, 1775
  • Esox gladius Lacepède, 1803
  • Hemiramphus commersonii Cuvier, 1829
  • Hemirhamphus obesus Castelnau, 1861
  • Hemiramphus mocquardianus Thominot, 1886

Description

Hemiramphus far has a laterally compressed body which is elongate oval in cross-section and has a very long, beak-like lower jaw with a short upper jaw which is triangular and lacks scales; there is no preorbital ridge. The total number of gill rakers on first gill arch is 25-36 with 21-27 on the second arch. It has short pectoral fins which do not extend past the nasal fossa when they are folded forwards. There are 3-9, normally 4-6, dark vertical bars on the sides and the back is bluish in colour with silvery sides. The caudal fin is asymmetrical with the lower lobe being longer than the upper lobe. The dorsal fin and the anal fin are located towards the tail. These fins are dark in colour. The meristic formula is D,12-15, A,10-12, P,11-13. The maximum length is 33 cm.[2][3]

Distribution

Hemiramphus far occurs in the Indian Ocean from the Red Sea and East Africa east into the Pacific Ocean as far as Samoa, north to the Ryukyu Islands and south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. H. far was first recorded in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Palestine in 1927 and has spread northwards and westwards since, being recorded for the first time in Algeria in 2003 and Italy in 2014. It colonised the Mediterraean by way of the Lessepsian migration through the Suez Canal and is one of the few Lessepsian migrants to be recorded in the western basin of the Mediterraean.[4]

Biology

Hemiramphus far is bathypelagic and is found in coastal waters of mountainous islands and continental shorelines; most frequently in areas of sea which are rich in vegetation and over sand flats. This is a sociable species which forms schools. The adults are largely phytovores feeding mainly on sea grasses and, to a lesser extent, on green algae and diatoms. It breeds in estuaries, and in the more temperate parts of its distribution in the spring and summer. The eggs are attached to vegetation by sticky threads and once the larvae hatch they are planktonic.[2][3]

Fisheries

Hemiramphus far is commercially exploited along the Arabian Sea coast of Pakistan where the species is considered of great economic importance.[4] It is caught with drag nets and dip nets[2] but is reported to escape from nets by leaping over them.[4] The flesh is considered to be flavoursome and it is marketed both in fresh form and dried.[5]

Etymology

Hemiramphus far was described in 1775 by the Swedish zoologist Peter Forsskål as Esox far but the generic name Hemiramphus which is from the Greek hemi meaning "half" and rhamphos meaning "a bill" or "a peak" was coined by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1816.[1][2][6]

Hemiramphus far Mintern 120
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References
  1. "Synonyms of Hemiramphus far (Forsskål, 1775)". Fishbase.org. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  2. Estelita Emily Capuli; Roxanne Rei Valdestamon (2016). R. Froese; D. Pauly (eds.). "Hemiramphus far (Forsskål, 1775) Black-barred halfbeak". Fishbase.org. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  3. J.C. Hureau (ed.). "Hemiramphus far". Marine Species Identification Paortal Fishes of the NE Atlantic and Mediterraean. ETI Bioinformatics. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  4. W. Boughedir; M. Rifi; E. Shakman; et al. (2015). "Tracking the invasion of Hemiramphus far and Saurida lessepsianus along the southern Mediterranean coasts: A Local Ecological Knowledge study". Mediterranean Marine Science. 16 (3): 628–635.
  5. "Black-barred halfbeak". wildfactsheets. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  6. Nicolas Baily (2014). "Hemiramphus Cuvier, 1816". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
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