Helwan

Helwan (Arabic: حلوان‎ Ḥelwān, IPA: [ħelˈwæːn], Coptic: ϩⲁⲗⲟⲩⲁⲛ, romanized: Halouan[1]) is a city in Egypt and part of Greater Cairo, on the bank of the Nile, opposite the ruins of Memphis. Originally a southern suburb of Cairo, it served as the capital of the now defunct Helwan Governorate from April 2008 to April 2011, after which it was re-incorporated into the Cairo Governorate. The kism of Helwan had a population of 643,327 in the 2006 census.[2]

Helwan

حلوان
ϩⲁⲗⲟⲩⲁⲛ
City
Farouk's palace
Helwan
Location in Egypt
Coordinates: 29°51′N 31°20′E
Country Egypt
GovernorateCairo
Area
 • Total25 sq mi (65 km2)
Population
 (2006)
 • Total643,327
Time zoneUTC+2 (EST)

History

The Helwan and Isnian cultures of the late Epipalaeolithic, and their Ouchata retouch methods for creating microlithic tools may have contributed to the development of the Harifian cultural assemblage of the Sinai, which may have introduced Proto-Semitic languages into the Middle East. Around 3000 to 2600 BC, there was a cemetery near Helwan serving the city of Memphis.

The city of Helwan was founded in 689 CE as Fustat's temporary replacement as the capital of Umayyad Egypt by its governor Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, who died in the new city.[3]

The Khedivial Astronomical Observatory was built here 1903–1904, and was used to observe Halley's comet. Egypt's oldest and largest private psychiatric clinic, the Behman Hospital, was constructed here in 1939.

During the early part of the 20th century, the city was the site of RAF Helwan, a major British airfield, which was later used by the Egyptian Air Force.

In 1959 Helwan was chosen to serve as a site of a major industrial city, as part of President Gamal Abdel Nasser's attempts to industrialize Egypt. Throughout the 1960s, it developed into a massive steelworks zone, with numerous automobile factories being built. The site continues to use electricity from the Aswan Dam and iron ore from Egypt's western deserts. Helwan was gradually transformed into a mass suburb of Cairo for the working class.[4]

In April 2008, the Helwan Governorate was split from the Cairo Governorate. It encompassed most of the suburbs, new compounds and villages located in the southern part of Cairo. The city of Helwan became the capital of the new governorate. Following the dissolution of the Helwan Governorate in April 2011, the city of Helwan was reincorporated into the Cairo Governorate.

  • Helwan points (Abu Salem points sub-type)
  • Map of the Levantine sites with Helwan points

Ecclesiastical history

Alphocranon was important enough in the Late Roman province of Arcadia Aegypti to be a suffragan of its Metropolitan Archbishop of Oxyrhynchus.

Its bishop, Harpocration, participated in the First Council of Nicaea in 325. The bishopric is mentioned in two Notitiae Episcopatuum.[5][6]

Titular see

No longer a residential diocese, Alphocranon is today listed by the Catholic Church as a Latin Catholic titular bishopric,[7] nominally restoring the diocese since 1933, but no incumbent is recorded.

Administrative divisions

The now defunct Helwan Governorate encompassed the following cities or districts: Maadi, Helwan, 15th of May, El Shorouk, New Cairo, Madinaty.

The city of Helwan itself includes districts such as Wadi Hof, Hadayek Helwan, and Maasara.

Economy
President Gamal Abdel Nasser inaugurating the Al Nasr automobile factory in Helwan, 1963

Local industry includes iron, steel, textiles and cement. The area has hot sulphur springs, an astronomical observatory, the Helwan University and a burial chamber (discovered in 1946). It is the terminus of Cairo's light rail Metro Line 1. Also trams in Helwan serve the people.

Climate

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh). Owing to its proximity to Cairo, its average monthly temperatures are quite similar, but it has a quite different distribution of humidity and its diurnal average temperature variation is slightly larger.

Climate data for Helwan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 30.4
(86.7)		 33.2
(91.8)		 37.2
(99.0)		 42.4
(108.3)		 46.6
(115.9)		 46.7
(116.1)		 44.1
(111.4)		 43.8
(110.8)		 44.0
(111.2)		 40.2
(104.4)		 35.9
(96.6)		 29.8
(85.6)		 46.7
(116.1)
Average high °C (°F) 18.5
(65.3)		 20.4
(68.7)		 23.4
(74.1)		 28.5
(83.3)		 32.2
(90.0)		 34.3
(93.7)		 35.0
(95.0)		 34.6
(94.3)		 32.6
(90.7)		 29.3
(84.7)		 24.5
(76.1)		 19.5
(67.1)		 27.7
(81.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.0
(55.4)		 14.5
(58.1)		 16.9
(62.4)		 21.4
(70.5)		 24.7
(76.5)		 27.3
(81.1)		 27.7
(81.9)		 27.6
(81.7)		 25.8
(78.4)		 23.3
(73.9)		 18.8
(65.8)		 14.4
(57.9)		 21.3
(70.3)
Average low °C (°F) 7.9
(46.2)		 8.9
(48.0)		 10.9
(51.6)		 14.3
(57.7)		 17.3
(63.1)		 20.0
(68.0)		 20.9
(69.6)		 21.1
(70.0)		 19.8
(67.6)		 17.6
(63.7)		 13.7
(56.7)		 9.8
(49.6)		 15.2
(59.4)
Record low °C (°F) −3.4
(25.9)		 2.2
(36.0)		 1.2
(34.2)		 6.6
(43.9)		 10.6
(51.1)		 14.8
(58.6)		 15.0
(59.0)		 11.2
(52.2)		 14.4
(57.9)		 10.8
(51.4)		 3.7
(38.7)		 2.8
(37.0)		 −3.4
(25.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 5
(0.2)		 3
(0.1)		 2
(0.1)		 1
(0.0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 2
(0.1)		 5
(0.2)		 18
(0.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 2.5
Average relative humidity (%) 62 57 54 43 41 45 52 56 56 55 58 61 53
Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.8 211.7 266.3 275.8 314.6 357.5 350.2 337.8 282.7 289.6 244.1 197.1 3,348.2
Source: NOAA[8]

Notability
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gollark: The correct grammar implies Robot is *my* alt. Worrying.
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See also

References
  1. Emile, Amélineau (1893). La géographie de l’Egypte à l'époque copte. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. p. 584.
  2. Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics, Population and Housing Census 2006, Population distribution by sex, gov: Cairo Archived 2008-12-11 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-04-01.
  3. Kennedy, Hugh (1998). "Egypt as a Province in the Islamic Caliphate, 641–868". In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-521-47137-0.
  4. Beattie, Andrew. (2005) Cairo: A Cultural and Literary History. Signal Books. p. 196. ISBN 9781902669779
  5. Siméon Vailhé, v. Alphocranon, in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XII, Paris 1953, col. 677
  6. Klaas A. Worp, A Checklist of Bishops in Byzantine Egypt (A.D. 325 - c. 750), in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 100 (1994) 283-318
  7. Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 829
  8. "Helwan Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
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