Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi

The Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi (Chlorodrepanis virens), also known as the common ʻamakihi, is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper.

Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi
Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi on Hawaii

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Subfamily: Carduelinae
Genus: Chlorodrepanis
Species:
C. virens
Binomial name
Chlorodrepanis virens
(Gmelin J.F., 1851)
Synonyms

Hemignathus virens

Taxonomy

The Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi was formerly placed in the genus Hemignathus but was assigned to the genus Chlorodrepanis based on the phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences.[2][3]

There are two recognized subspecies: C. v. wilsoni on Maui, Molokaʻi, and (formerly) Lānaʻi, and C. v. virens on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi.[3]

Description

The Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi is a small bird, measuring about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in length.[4] It is yellow-green with a small black bill that is 1.3 centimetres (0.51 in) long and has brown eyes with black pupils.

Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi on Maui

Song

The primary song of the Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi is a rapid trill. [5]

Diet

The Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi has a very wide diet, and has been able to find food despite habitat alteration. It has a tubular tongue, which it uses to drink nectar from flowers such as those of the ʻōhiʻa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), ʻākala (Rubus hawaiensis), and māmane (Sophora chrysophylla). If necessary, it will suck juice from fruits. The Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi also hunts for spiders and insects among trees and shrubs.[4]

Breeding

Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi are a productive species with a long breeding season, lasting about 9 months. On the Big Island, Maui and Molokaʻi there is variation in when that breeding season starts but it may coincide with flowering of mämane in dry mämane forests. [5] Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi nest in the canopy of trees. They often are able to have two broods within a breeding season; having two rounds of chicks enables their population to increase more rapidly than slow growing species like the endangered Kiwikiu. Chicks remain in the nest for 15-21 days before they fledge. [5] Young Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi become independent from their parents at 2-3 months. [5]

Habitat and Distribution

It is found on the Big Island, Maui, and Molokaʻi in Hawaii.[6] It formerly occurred on Lānaʻi where it was last seen in 1976.[6] It is one of the most common honeycreepers, inhabiting all types of habitat, dry mämane forests to mesic and wet forests, on the islands at elevations from sea level to 8,000 feet (2,400 m). On Maui they have also been successful in forests of introduced pines, cypresses and firs. Of all the forest birds native to Hawaii, the Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi has been affected the least by habitat changes. It is suspected that it is evolving resistance to diseases such as avian malaria. Along with the ʻApapane, it is one of the two Hawaiian honeycreepers listed by the IUCN as being of least concern.

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References
  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Hemignathus virens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Lerner, H.R.L.; Meyer, M.; James, H.F.; Fleischer, R.C. (2011). "Multilocus resolution of phylogeny and timescale in the extant adaptive radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers". Current Biology. 21: 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. PMID 22018543.
  3. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  4. "Hemignathus virens". Native Forest Birds of Hawai'i. Conservation Hawaii. Archived from the original on 2010-04-27. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  5. Lindsey, G.D.; VanderWerf, E.A.; Baker, H.; Baker, P.E. "Hawaii Amakihi (Chlorodrepanis virens), version 2.0". Birds of North America. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
  6. Hawaii Amakihi Archived 2012-05-23 at the Wayback Machine, Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Accessed 18 May 2012.
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