Harry Bridges

Harry Bridges (July 28, 1901 – March 30, 1990) was an Australian-born American union leader, first with the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA). In 1937, he led several chapters in forming a new union, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU), expanding members to workers in warehouses, and led it for the next 40 years. He was prosecuted for his labor organizing and believed subversive status by the U.S. government during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, with the goal of deportation. This was never achieved.

Harry Bridges
Born
Alfred Renton Bryant Bridges[1]

(1901-07-28)July 28, 1901
Kensington, Victoria, Australia[2]
DiedMarch 30, 1990(1990-03-30) (aged 88)
San Francisco, California, United States
OccupationLabor leader
Spouse(s)
Childrenfour

Bridges became a naturalized citizen in 1945. His conviction by a federal jury for having lied about his Communist Party membership when seeking naturalization was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1953 as having been prosecuted untimely, outside the statute of limitations. His official power was reduced when the ILWU was expelled by the CIO in 1950, but he continued to be re-elected by the California membership and was highly influential until his retirement in 1977.

Early life

Bridges was born Alfred Renton Bryant Bridges in Kensington, Victoria, Australia.[2][1][3] He went to sea at age 16 as a merchant seaman and joined the Australian sailors' union. He took the name Harry from an uncle, who was a socialist and an adventurer, much like Jack London, the writer who also inspired young Bridges to go to sea. Bridges entered the United States in 1920, where his American colleagues nicknamed him "The Beak" for his prominent nose; "The Limey," as they couldn't tell the difference between an Australian and an Englishman; and finally "Australian Harry" or "Racehorse Harry" to differentiate him from all other Harrys by his nationality and love of the racetrack.

In 1921, Bridges joined the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), participating in an unsuccessful nationwide seamen's strike. While Bridges left the IWW shortly thereafter with doubts about the organization, his early experiences in the IWW and in Australian unions influenced his beliefs on militant unionism, based on rank and file power and involvement.

Bridges left the sea for longshore work in San Francisco in 1922. The shipowners had created a company union after the International Longshoremen's Association local in San Francisco was destroyed by a strike it lost in 1919. Bridges resisted joining that union, finding casual work on the docks as a "pirate". After he joined the San Francisco local of the ILA and participated in a Labor Day parade in 1924, he was blacklisted for several years. Bridges eventually joined the company union in 1927 and worked as a winch operator and rigger on a steel-handling gang.

The Albion Hall group

The ILA renewed its efforts to reestablish itself on the West Coast, chartering a new local in San Francisco in 1933. With the passage that year of the National Industrial Recovery Act, which contained some encouraging but unenforceable provisions declaring that workers had the right to organize unions of their own choice, thousands of longshoremen joined the new ILA local.

At the time Bridges was a member of a circle of longshoremen that came to be known as the "Albion Hall Group", after their meeting place.[4] It attracted members from a variety of backgrounds: members of the Communist Party, which was then trying to organize all longshoremen, sailors and other maritime workers into the Maritime Workers Industrial Union (MWIU), as a revolutionary, industry-wide alternative to the ILA and other American Federation of Labor (AFL) unions; former IWW members, and others with no clearly defined politics.[5]

This group had acquired some influence on the docks through its publication The Waterfront Worker, a mimeographed sheet sold for a penny that published articles written by longshoremen and seamen, almost always under pseudonyms. These articles focused on workers' day-to-day concerns: the pace of work, the weight of loads, abusive bosses, and unsafe working conditions. While the first editions were published in the apartment of an MWIU member on a second-hand mimeograph machine, the paper remained independent of both the party and the MWIU.[5][6]

Although Bridges was sympathetic to much of the MWIU's program in 1933, he chose to join the new ILA local. When the local held elections, Bridges and fellow members of the Albion Hall group made up a majority of the executive board and held two of the three business agents positions.[6]

The Albion Hall Group stressed the self-help tactics of syndicalism, urging workers to organize by taking part in strikes and slowdowns, rather than depending on governmental assistance under the NIRA.[7] It also campaigned for membership participation in the new ILA local, which had not bothered to hold any membership meetings. Finally, the group started laying the groundwork for organizing on a coastwide basis, meeting with activists from Portland, Oregon and Seattle, Washington and organizing a federation of all of the different unions that represented maritime workers.

Under Bridges' leadership, the group organized a successful 5-day strike in October 1933 to force Matson Navigation Company to reinstate four longshoremen it had fired for wearing ILA buttons on the job. Longshoremen at other ports threatened to refuse to handle Matson cargo unless the company rehired the four men.[8][9]

The Big Strike

Early in 1934, Bridges and the Albion Hall group and militants in other ports began planning a coast-wide strike. The Roosevelt administration tried to head off the strike by appointing a mediation board to oversee negotiations, but neither side accepted its proposed compromise. Bridges was elected chairman of the strike committee. The strike began on May 9. While the elected local officers were the nominal leaders of the strike at its outset, Bridges led the planning of the strike along with his friend Sam Kagel. They recruited rank-and-file opposition to the two proposed contracts that the leadership negotiated and the membership rejected during the strike, and the dealings with other unions during related events.

A four-day San Francisco General strike took place after "Bloody Thursday" on July 5, when police aided the Waterfront Employers Association in trucking cargo from the pierheads to the warehouses through the union's picket line. Scores of strikers were beaten or wounded by gunfire during the battle. During a coordinated raid on the union mess hall at the corner of Steuart and Mission, San Francisco Police shot and killed Howard Sperry, a striking sailor, and Nick Counderakis (AKA Nick Bordoise), member of the cook's union and a strike sympathizer helping out at the mess hall. Scores of other men were wounded by police gunfire as well, including a number of bystanders, as the ensuing battle quickly spilled into the nearby downtown area.

Bridges became the chief spokesperson for the union in negotiations after workers rejected the second agreement negotiated by the old leadership in June. Bridges did not control the strike: over his strong objections, the ILA membership voted to accept arbitration to end the strike. Similarly, in 1935 Bridges' opposition did not stop the ILA leadership from extending the union's contract with the employers, rather than striking in solidarity with the seamen.

Growth and independence

Bridges was elected president of the San Francisco local in 1935 and president of the Pacific Coast District of the ILA in 1936. During this period the ILA commenced "the March Inland", in which it organized the many warehouses, both in the ports and those at a distance from them, which received the goods that longshoremen handled. Bridges led efforts to form Maritime Federation of the Pacific, which brought all of the maritime unions together for common action. That federation helped the sailors union win the same sort of contract after a long strike in 1936 that the ILA had achieved in 1934.

In 1937, the Pacific Coast district, with the exception of three locals in the Northwest, formally seceded from the ILA, renaming itself as the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union, after the ILA tried to reorganize the existing locals, abandon representation of warehousemen, and reverse the unions' policies on issues such as unemployment insurance.

Bridges was elected president of the new union, which quickly affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Bridges became the West Coast Director for the CIO shortly thereafter.

The ILWU also established strong unions on the docks in Hawai'i during this time, and later among sugar and pineapple workers there. It encountered the concerted opposition of the employers, the military and most of the political establishment but the ILWU's work changed the political climate in Hawai'i. It broke the hold on power that the white landed elite had exercised for half a century.

As a measure of his influence, Bridges was featured on the cover of Time magazine on July 19, 1937.[10]

central figure representing Bridges, from Anton Refregier's 1948 murals at the Rincon Center Post Office Annex

In mid-July 1939, hearings took place at the Angel Island Immigration Station to deport Bridges. Government witnesses included Major Lawrence Milner and ex-communist official John Lewis Leech. While Leech held fast to his testimony, Milner confessed to perjury, for which the Bridges defense team demanded indictment.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The hearings found Bridges did not qualify for deportation because he was not currently—as the Alien Act of 1918 required—a member of or affiliated with an organization that advocated the overthrow of the government.[23] Because of this, the Smith Act of 1940 was written so that federal authorities could deport him.[24] It allowed deportation of an alien who was a member or affiliated "at any time" since arriving in the U.S. with such an organization advocating overthrow of the government. A second round of deportation hearings ended after ten weeks in June 1941.[25] In September, the special examiner who led the hearings recommended deportation, but the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) reversed that order after finding the government's two key witnesses to be unreliable.[26] In May 1942, though the Roosevelt administration was now putting its anti-Communist activities on hold in the interest of furthering the Soviet-American alliance, Attorney General Biddle overruled the BIA and ordered Bridges be deported.[27] Bridges appealed and lost in District Court[28] and the Court of Appeals.[29] But the Supreme Court overruled deportation, holding 5–3 on June 18, 1945, in the case of Bridges v. Wixon, that the government had not proven Bridges was "affiliated" with the CPUSA,[30] a word it interpreted to require more than "sympathy" or "mere cooperation".[31]

Bridges became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1945. With the goal of deportation, in 1948 the federal government tried Bridges for fraud and perjury, for denying when applying for naturalization that he had ever been a member of the Communist Party. The jury convicted Bridges and two co-defendants. He was sentenced to five years in prison and his citizenship was revoked.[32] The Supreme Court in a 5-3 decision overturned the conviction in 1953 because the indictment on fraud and perjury charges did not occur within the three years set by the statute of limitations.[33] The government dropped the criminal charges and pursued a case in civil court in June and July 1955, hoping to overturn Bridges' naturalization because it had been obtained by fraud.[34] The trial judge ruled in Bridges' favor and the government did not appeal.[35]

Political battles

Bridges hewed to the Communist Party line throughout the late 1930s and 1940s. After the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact was signed in 1939, the party attacked Roosevelt and Churchill as warmongers and adopted the slogan "The Yanks Ain't Coming." Bridges denounced President Roosevelt for betraying labor and preparing for war. John L. Lewis, the head of the CIO, responded in October 1939 by abolishing the position of West Coast director of the CIO, limiting Bridges' authority to California.

Bridges continued opposing the Roosevelt Administration, belittling the New Deal and urging union voters to withhold their support from Roosevelt. He said they should wait to see what Lewis, who had now also split with the Roosevelt administration, recommended. That position proved highly unpopular with the membership; many locals had already endorsed FDR for a third term and several locals passed motions calling for Bridges to resign. He refused, noting that the union's constitution allowed for a recall election if fifteen percent of the membership petitioned for one. The ILWU executive board gave him a vote of confidence.

After Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941, Bridges urged employers to increase productivity in order to prepare for war. When the CIO later adopted a wartime no-strike pledge, Bridges supported the pledge.[36] He proposed at the high point of the Communist Party's enthusiasm for unity—immediately after the Teheran Conference in 1943—that the pledge continue after the end of the war. The ILWU not only condemned the Retail, Wholesale Department Store Employees union for striking Montgomery Ward in 1943—after management refused to sign a new contract, cut wages, and fired union activists—but also assisted it in breaking the strike, by ordering members in St. Paul, Minnesota to work overtime, to handle overflow from the struck Chicago plant.

Bridges also called for a speedup of the pace of work—which may not have been inconsistent with the ILWU's goal of controlling the way that work was done on the docks. It had struggled with employers on this issue and the speedup was rejected by many ILWU members. Bridges later joined with Joseph Curran of the National Maritime Union, which represented sailors on the East Coast, and Julius Emspak of the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America, to support a proposal by Roosevelt in 1944, to militarize some civilian workplaces.

Bridges' attitude changed sharply after the end of World War II. While he still advocated the post-war plan for industrial peace that the Communist Party, along with the leaders of the CIO, the AFL and the Chamber of Commerce, were advocating, he differed sharply with CIO leadership on Cold War politics. He had his own opinions about the Marshall Plan and the application of the Truman Doctrine in Greece and Turkey, as well as participation in the World Federation of Trade Unions, viewing every element from the point of how it would affect his constituents.

Those foreign policy issues became labor issues for the ILWU in 1948, when the employers claimed that the union was preparing to strike in order to cripple the Marshall Plan. Emboldened by the new provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act, which required union officers to sign an oath that they were not members of the Communist Party, outlawed the closed shop, and gave the President authority to seek an 80-day "cooling off" period before a strike that would imperil the national health or safety, the employers pushed for a strike. They hoped to rid themselves of Bridges and reclaim control over the hiring hall. As it turned out, their strategy was a failure. The employer group reached a new agreement with the union after replacing their bargaining representatives and enduring a ninety-five-day strike.

At the same time, Philip Murray, Lewis' successor as head of the CIO, had started reducing Bridges' power within the CIO, removing him from his position as the CIO's California Regional Director in 1948. In 1950, after an internal trial, the CIO expelled the ILWU due to its communist leadership.[37]

Coping with change

Expulsion had no real effect, however, on either the ILWU or Bridges' power within it. The organization continued to negotiate agreements, with less strife than in the 1930s and 1940s, and Bridges continued to be reelected without serious opposition. The union negotiated a groundbreaking agreement in 1960, that permitted the extensive mechanization of the docks. Its leadership agreed to significantly reducing the number of longshore workers in return for generous job guarantees and benefits for those displaced by the changes.

The agreement, however, highlighted the lesser status of less senior members, known as "B-men." Bridges reacted defensively to these workers' complaints, which had additional sting because many of the "B-men" were black and had worked hard to enter the union. The additional longshore work produced by the Vietnam War allowed Bridges to meet the challenge by opening up more jobs and making determined efforts to recruit black applicants. The ILWU later faced similar challenges from women, who found it even harder to enter the industry and the union.

Bridges had difficulty giving up his position in the ILWU. He explored the possibility of merging it with the ILA or the Teamsters in the early 1970s. He retired in 1977 after ensuring that Louis Goldblatt, the long-time Secretary-Treasurer of the union and his logical successor, was denied the opportunity to replace him. He opposed Goldblatt. Bridges died in 1990.

On July 28, 2001, on what would have been Bridges' 100th birthday, the ILWU organized a week-long event celebrating the life of the union leader. This culminated in a march of more than 8000 unionists and supporters across the Vincent Thomas Bridge from Terminal Island to San Pedro, California. The longshoremen shut down the port for eight hours in honor of Bridges.

Personal life

Bridges divorced his second wife, Nancy Fenton Berdicio Bridges, a onetime professional dancer, after eight years of marriage. They had two children.[38]

Bridges met Noriko Sawada in San Francisco, when introduced by her employer, Charles Garry, a civil rights lawyer.[39] They were attending a fund-raiser for mine, mill, and smelter workers. The two later became a couple.[40] In 1958, the couple decided to marry in Reno, Nevada. At the county courthouse, the clerk refused the couple a marriage license because Sawada was ethnic Japanese and Nevada had an 1846 statute banning marriage between any white person and "any person of the Ethiopian or black race, Malay or brown race, Mongolian or yellow race, or American Indian, or red race." Bridges and Sawada asked the Federal District Court to order the marriage license be issued. Judge Taylor Wines granted the order and the couple married December 10, 1958. This order prompted the Nevada legislature to repeal the state's anti-miscegenation laws on March 17, 1959.[39][41]

Bust at the University of Washington

Legacy

On the West Coast, Bridges still excites passions both for and against the labor movement.[42][43][44][45]

The Almanac Singers, including Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger, recorded "Song for Bridges" in 1941 while working on their album Talking Union that defends Bridges' work. Rancid, a band from Oakland, California, released a song titled "Harry Bridges" on their 1994 album Let's Go.

California Governor Gray Davis declared July 28, 2001, Bridges' 100th birthday, as "Harry Bridges Day". On the same day, the City of San Francisco dedicated a plaza in Bridges' honor.[46]

ILWU Headquarters

The ILWU headquarters in San Francisco is called the Harry R. Bridges Memorial Building.

The Harry Bridges Institute in San Pedro, California, is a research institute that focuses on topics of international economics and how changes in political geography affect unions.[47] The archives of the Harry Bridges Institute are held at the Oviatt Library at California State University, Northridge.

The Harry Bridges Center for Labor Studies at the University of Washington (UW) in Seattle, Washington, was established in Bridges' honor in 1992 by ILWU past and current ILWU members. The center supports research, teaching, and community outreach by UW faculty and students and labor organizations.[48]

The nonprofit Harry Bridges Project produced From Wharf Rats to Lords of the Docks: The Life and Times of Harry Bridges, a one-man play that was directed and filmed by Haskell Wexler. It promotes Bridges' legacy and the influence of his work.[49] The film was broadcast on some PBS stations on Labor Day Weekend in 2009.

Harry Bridges Span School, in the harbor town of Wilmington, California, is named after him, as is Harry Bridges Blvd (also in Wilmington), which runs along the north side of the Port of Los Angeles. [50][51]

In 2010 the Long Beach City Council renamed the Queen Mary Events Park to the Harry Bridges Memorial Park.[52]

gollark: I can probably come up with some sort of regex, but there would be annoying edge cases and stuff, so has anyone already *done* this and made a library?
gollark: What would the least terrible way to get the (English) sentence surrounding a position in a string?
gollark: (unless it does and I haven't noticed)
gollark: How come the standard library's `re` doesn't have anything like `findAll` but returning the *positions* of each match?
gollark: I ran my program through `valgrind` to check if it was horribly leaking memory (it doesn't seem to be). It says `Uninitialised value was created by a stack allocation at 0x33DD0A: renderToHtml__rZvmxUK6kmA9c1R4XvQQuAw`, should I be worried?

References
  1. "Births, Deaths and Marriages Victoria". State of Victoria, Australia. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  2. Love, Peter. "Bridges, Alfred Renton (Harry) (1901–1990)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  3. "Harry Bridges Docks Leader Dies at 88", New York Times, 31 March 2015
  4. Harry Bridges; Henry Schmidt; J. R. Robertson; United States. District Court (California : Northern District : Southern Division), United States. Court of Appeals (9th Circuit). (1950). Harry Renton Bridges, Henry Schmidt and J.R. Robertson, appellants, vs. United States of America, appellee: transcript of record : appeals from the United States District Court, Northern District of California, Southern Division. Phillips & Van Orden Co.
  5. Bruce Nelson (1990). Workers on the Waterfront: Seamen, Longshoremen, and Unionism in the 1930s. University of Illinois Press. pp. 124–. ISBN 978-0-252-06144-8.
  6. Howard Kimeldorf (9 July 1992). Reds Or Rackets?: The Making of Radical and Conservative Unions on the Waterfront. University of California Press. pp. 88–. ISBN 978-0-520-07886-4.
  7. Sean Burns (1 November 2011). Archie Green: The Making of a Working-Class Hero. University of Illinois Press. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-0-252-09363-0.
  8. Kevin Starr (1997). Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California. Oxford University Press. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-0-19-511802-5.
  9. David Milton (1982). Politics of US Labor. NYU Press. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-0-85345-570-7.
  10. "Harry Bridges". Time Magazine. 19 July 1937.
  11. "Coercion Seen In Testimony Against Bridges". Honolulu Advertiser. 12 July 1939. p. 8. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  12. Lang, Harry (13 July 1939). "Witness Bares Name Alien Allegedly Used at Gatherings". San Francisco Examiner. p. 1. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  13. "Bridges Witness Detained; May Be Faced With Charge; National Guardsman Testified He Saw Defendant Pay Dues". Paterson Evening News. 13 July 1939. p. 54. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  14. "Bridges Said Eyed as Red". Eugene Guard. 12 July 1939. p. 2. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  15. "Here and There Calls Bridges "Red'". Marshall Evening Chronicle. 14 July 1939. p. 1. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  16. "Harry Bridges Termed Leader of Communists". Harrisburg Evening News. 11 July 1939. p. 5. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  17. "Bridges Dues Payment". Arizona Republic. 11 July 1939. p. 20. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  18. "Red Party Dues Paid by Bridges". Arizona Republic. 11 July 1939. pp. 5, 36. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  19. "Witness Denies Police Aided in Deport Case: Militia Sole Boss, Says Witness". Santa Cruz Evening News. 11 July 1939. p. 1. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  20. "Former Organizer Becomes Accuser: Witness Tells Activities Under Name of Rossi". San Francisco Examiner. 13 July 1939. p. 2. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  21. "Leech Remains Firm Under Grilling Cross-Examination; Story Unshaken As Hearing Closes". San Francisco Examiner. 15 July 1939. pp. 1, 7. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  22. Boudin, Leonard (13 August 1940). "Books: The Bridges Case (Harry Bridges On Trial, by Estolv E. Ward)" (PDF). New Masses. Weekly Masses Co., Inc.: 19–20. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  23. Richard W. Steele, Free Speech in the Good War (NY: St. Martin's Press, 1999), 102
  24. Steele, Free Speech, 81
  25. Steele, "Free Speech, 105, 107-9
  26. Steel, Free Speech, 208; New York Times: Frederick R. Barkley, "Bridges is Cleared by Appeals Board," January 6, 1942, accessed June 22, 2012. The special examiner was Charles B. Sears, a distinguished attorney and retired judge.
  27. Steele, Free Speech, 208-11; New York Times: Lewis Wood, "Bridges Ordered Deported at Once," May 29, 1942, accessed June 22, 2012
  28. New York Times: Lawrence E. Davies, "Bridges Loses Plea for Habeas Corpus," February 9, 1943, accessed June 22, 2012
  29. New York Times: "Denies Rehearing of Bridges' Plea," September 28, 1944, accessed June 22, 2012
  30. Steele, Free Speech, 228
  31. FindLaw: Bridges v. Wixon, 326 U.S. 135 (1945), accessed June 22, 2012. Wixon was an official of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.
  32. New York Times: "Bridges' Citizenship is Revoked By Judge on Perjury Conviction," June 17, 1950, accessed June 23, 2012
  33. New York Times: Luther A. Huston, "Supreme Court Frees Bridges Under Statute of Limitations," June 16, 1953, accessed June 23, 2012
  34. New York Times: "Bridges Charges are Heard Again," July 3, 1955, accessed June 23, 2012
  35. "Bridges case 'closed'". The Argus (Melbourne). Victoria, Australia. 3 October 1955. p. 6. Retrieved 17 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  36. "U.S. NO-STRIKE PLEDGE". The Daily Telegraph. VIII (66). New South Wales, Australia. 7 June 1943. p. 3. Retrieved 17 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  37. "Harry Bridges is expelled". The Evening Advocate. Queensland, Australia. 30 August 1950. p. 6. Retrieved 17 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  38. "Time".
  39. New York Times: Michael T. Kaufman, "Noriko Flynn, 79, Advocate For Unions and Civil Rights," February 17, 2003, accessed June 23, 2012
  40. Bigelow, Catherine (9 February 2003). "NORIKO SAWADA BRIDGES FLYNN / Civil rights activist, writer challenged law / Japanese American was interned". SFGate.
  41. Earl, Phillip I. (Spring 1994). "Nevada's Miscegenation Laws and the Marriage of Mr. & Mrs. Harry Bridges". Nevada Historical Society Quarterly. 37.
  42. Saxon, Wolfgang (31 March 1990). "Harry Bridges, Docks Leader, Dies at 88". The New York Times.
  43. "Research Library Chronicles Career : Labor Chief Bridges Will Be Feted". Los Angeles Times. 6 February 1986.
  44. "Harry Bridges Eulogized as Champion of Working People". Los Angeles Times. 16 April 1990.
  45. Glass, Fred (29 April 2009). "'34 General Strike laid base for counterculture". SFGate.
  46. Brazil, Eric; Writer, Chronicle Staff (27 July 2001). "LABOR OF LOVE / Plaza dedication, march honor labor pioneer Harry Bridges". SFGate.
  47. Harry Bridges Institute. "Welcome to the Harry Bridges Institute". Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  48. Harry Bridges Center for Labor Studies. "About the Bridges Center". Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  49. The Harry Bridges Project. "From Wharf Rats to Lords of the Docks: The Life and Times of Harry Bridges". Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  50. "Google Maps". Google Maps.
  51. "Harry Bridges Span School". 1235 BROAD AVE WILMINGTON CA 90744.
  52. "Queen Mary Events Park To Be Renamed After Labor Leader Harry Bridges". Everything Long Beach. Retrieved 18 August 2016.

Further reading
  • Howard Kimeldorf, Reds or Rackets, The Making of Radical and Conservative Unions on the Waterfront, ISBN 0-520-07886-1
  • Charles Larrowe, Harry Bridges, The Rise and Fall of Radical Labor in the U.S., ISBN 0-88208-001-6
  • Bruce Nelson, Workers on the Waterfront, Seamen, Longshoremen and Unionism in the 1930s, ISBN 0-252-06144-6
  • Ward, Estolv Ethan, Harry Bridges on Trial (available at the Internet Archive)

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