HMAS Farncomb (SSG 74)

HMAS Farncomb (SSG 74) is the second of six Collins class submarines operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Named for Rear Admiral Harold Farncomb, the submarine was laid down in 1993 and launched in December 1995—the first submarine to be completely constructed in Australia. A combination of factors led to Farncomb being the only vessel of her class in operational condition in mid-2009.

Farncomb arriving at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii ahead of the RIMPAC 2012 exercise
History
Australia
Name: Farncomb
Namesake: Rear Admiral Harold Farncomb
Builder: Australian Submarine Corporation
Laid down: 3 March 1991
Launched: 15 December 1995
Commissioned: 31 January 1998
Motto: "With Skill and Resolve"
Status: Active as of 2018
Badge:
General characteristics
Class and type: Collins-class submarine
Displacement:
  • 3,051 tonnes (surfaced)
  • 3,353 tonnes (submerged)
Length: 77.42 m (254.0 ft)
Beam: 7.8 m (26 ft)
Draught: 7 m (23 ft) at waterline
Installed power: 3 × Garden Island-Hedemora HV V18b/15Ub (VB210) 18-cylinder diesel motors, 3 × Jeumont-Schneider generators (1,400 kW, 440-volt DC)
Propulsion:
  • Main: 1 × Jeumont-Schneider DC motor (7,200 shp), driving 1 × seven-bladed, 4.22 m (13.8 ft) diameter skewback propeller
  • Emergency: 1 × MacTaggart Scott DM 43006 retractable hydraulic motor
Speed:
  • 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h; 12.1 mph) (surfaced and snorkel depth)
  • 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph) (submerged)
Range:
  • 11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km; 13,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) (surfaced)
  • 9,000 nautical miles (17,000 km; 10,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) (snorkel)
  • 32.6 nautical miles (60.4 km; 37.5 mi) at 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph) (submerged)
  • 480 nautical miles (890 km; 550 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) (submerged)
Endurance: 70 days
Test depth: Over 180 m (590 ft) (actual depth classified)
Complement:
  • Originally 42 (plus up to 12 trainees)
  • Increased to 58 in 2009
Sensors and
processing systems:
  • Radar:
  • GEC-Marconi Type 1007 surface search radar
  • Sonar:
  • Thales Scylla bow and distributed sonar arrays
  • Thales Karriwarra or Namara towed sonar array
  • ArgoPhoenix AR-740-US intercept array
  • Combat system:
  • Modified Raytheon CCS Mk2
Armament:
  • 6 × 21-inch (530 mm) bow torpedo tubes
  • Payload: 22 torpedoes, mix of:
  • Mark 48 Mod 7 CBASS torpedoes
  • UGM-84C Sub-Harpoon anti-ship missiles
  • Or: 44 Stonefish Mark III mines
Notes: The sonars and combat system are in the process of being updated across the class, to be completed by 2010. These characteristics represent the updated equipment.

Characteristics

The Collins class is an enlarged version of the Västergötland-class submarine designed by Kockums.[1] At 77.42 metres (254.0 ft) in length, with a beam of 7.8 metres (26 ft) and a waterline depth of 7 metres (23 ft), displacing 3,051 tonnes when surfaced, and 3,353 tonnes when submerged, they are the largest conventionally powered submarines in the world.[2][3] The hull is constructed from high-tensile micro-alloy steel, and are covered in a skin of anechoic tiles to minimise detection by sonar.[4][5] The depth that they can dive to is classified: most sources claim that it is over 180 metres (590 ft).[6][7]

The submarine is armed with six 21-inch (530 mm) torpedo tubes, and carry a standard payload of 22 torpedoes: originally a mix of Gould Mark 48 Mod 4 torpedoes and UGM-84C Sub-Harpoon, with the Mark 48s later upgraded to the Mod 7 Common Broadband Advanced Sonar System (CBASS) version.[3][8][9]

Each submarine is equipped with three Garden Island-Hedemora HV V18b/15Ub (VB210) 18-cylinder diesel engines, which are each connected to a 1,400 kW, 440-volt DC Jeumont-Schneider generator.[3][8] The electricity generated is stored in batteries, then supplied to a single Jeumont-Schneider DC motor, which provides 7,200 shaft horsepower to a single, seven-bladed, 4.22-metre (13.8 ft) diameter skewback propeller.[3][10] The Collins class has a speed of 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h; 12.1 mph) when surfaced and at snorkel depth, and can reach 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph) underwater.[3] The submarines have a range of 11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km; 13,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) when surfaced, 9,000 nautical miles (17,000 km; 10,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) at snorkel depth.[3] When submerged completely, a Collins-class submarine can travel 32.6 nautical miles (60.4 km; 37.5 mi) at maximum speed, or 480 nautical miles (890 km; 550 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph).[3] Each boat has an endurance of 70 days.[3]

Construction and trials

Farncomb was laid down by Australian Submarine Corporation (ASC) on 3 March 1991.[3] She was named for Rear Admiral Harold Farncomb; the first Australian-trained officer promoted to Captain, and commanding officer of the flagship HMAS Australia from 1941 to 1944.[11] Work on the boat was delayed by the need to complete sister boat and class lead Collins to a launchable condition by her set launch date of 28 August 1993.[12] To free up resources at ASC for Collins, Farncomb's bow section was sent to Newcastle for completion.[12]

Farncomb was launched on 15 December 1995: as she was the first submarine to be completely constructed in Australia (two sections of Collins had been assembled in Sweden), the submarine wore a large Made In Australia logo on the fin.[13] The submarine commenced sea trials in September 1996.[14] Lessons learned from the trials of lead boat Collins benefitted Farncomb, with training materials improved and the trials crew instructed to familiarise themselves with the submarine while she was being completed (the crew of Collins had the option to, but most personnel did not).[14] The trial program was impacted on by problems with Collins.[12][15]

Farncomb was provisionally accepted into service by the RAN at the end of 1997.[15] She was formally commissioned into the RAN on 31 January 1998.[3]

Operational history

In May 1997, two groups of six female sailors were posted to Collins and Farncomb as a test on the feasibility of mixed-sex crews aboard submarines.[16] Following the trial's success, eleven female sailors and one female officer commenced training for the submarine service in 1998.[17][18]

In 1998, while returning from Timor, all three of Farncomb's diesel generators broke down.[12][19] The submarine limped to Darwin, where she waited several weeks for replacement parts to be organised and transported.[19]

As part of combat system trials, Farncomb fired a live Mark 48 Mod 4 torpedo at HMAS Torrens on 14 June 1999, sinking the decommissioned destroyer escort.[20]

On 19 March 2007, during a five-month intelligence-gathering mission in Asian waters, fishing lines became entangled in Fancomb’s propellor.[21][22] The submarine surfaced in international waters during the calm night, and five sailors were out on the casing attempting to free the propellor when the weather suddenly worsened and the sailors were washed overboard.[21] A rescue party, involving three volunteer swimmers was successful in retrieving the five sailors during a ninety-minute effort, and the submarine continued on without detection.[21][22] The incident remained classified until August 2009, when the RAN nominated the three rescue swimmers for bravery decorations, the first submariners to be nominated since a 1981 incident aboard HMAS Onslow.[22]

In 2008 and 2009, personnel shortages reduced the number of submarines able to be deployed to three, with the maintenance schedule and battery malfunctions on several boats combining to reduce this to one, Farncomb in mid-2009.[23][24]

On the morning of 13 March 2009, Farncomb was one of seventeen warships involved in a ceremonial fleet entry and fleet review in Sydney Harbour, the largest collection of RAN ships since the Australian Bicentenary in 1988.[25] The submarine did not participate in the fleet entry, but was anchored in the harbour for the review.

In January 2010, Farncomb was forced to return to port for urgent repairs after a generator failure.[26] This left sister boat Waller as the only fully operational submarine, with Collins on restricted duties, and the other three submarines undergoing repairs or maintenance.[26]

In August 2011, Farncomb suddenly lost propulsion while using the schnorkel at periscope depth off Rottnest Island. The restart did not function, and the boat began falling backwards. A full emergency ballast blow brought the submarine to the surface, and the engine was restarted.[27]

Farncomb was deployed to Hawaii to participate in the 2012 Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) multinational exercise.[28] On 22 July, the submarine fired a Mark 48 torpedo at the former ammunition ship USNS Kilauea, breaking the ship in two and sinking her.[28][29][30] A few days later, a hose in the submarine's weight compensation system split while the boat was recharging her batteries, causing flooding.[28] Farncomb surfaced from periscope depth without major incident and sailed to Pearl Harbor for repairs.[28]

Farncomb moored in Sydney Harbour in October 2013

In October 2013, Farncomb was the only submarine to participate in the International Fleet Review 2013 in Sydney.[31] During November 2013, Farncomb participated in the Black Carillion 2013 submarine escape training exercise.[32] She began a full docking cycle refit in 2014, with most of her crew transferring across to HMAS Rankin.[33] She returned to the Fleet in August 2016.[34]

Farncomb returned to base at Fleet Base West, Rockingham, in August 2019 after a five month deployment during which she participated in the international exercises Bersama Shield, Pacific Vanguard and Talisman Sabre.[35]

gollark: Probably not. I don't know a massive amount about this, but the nuclear waste which does not get reused or something is kept out of the way of humans because it is dangerous.
gollark: Redesign what?
gollark: RTGs are a thing, they use them to power space probes, but they use specific fuels and not just random nuclear waste.
gollark: What's the question here?
gollark: That makes sense then.

References
  1. Woolner (2001), p. 7.
  2. Jones (2001), p. 244.
  3. Wertheim (2013), p. 18.
  4. Yule & Woolner (2008), pp. 165–174.
  5. 'Built in Australia' Collins rolls out, Jane's Defence Weekly
  6. Wertheim (2013), p. 19.
  7. Grazebrook (1995), pp. 88–99.
  8. "SSK Collins Class (Type 471) Submarine". Naval Technology.com. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  9. "Fact File: MK 48 - Heavyweight Torpedo". United States Navy. 6 December 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  10. Grazebrook (1998).
  11. Yule & Woolner (2008), p. 340.
  12. Yule & Woolner (2008), p. 188.
  13. Yule & Woolner (2008), pp. 217–218.
  14. Yule & Woolner (2008), p. 218.
  15. Yule & Woolner (2008), p. 219.
  16. Jones (2001), p. 283.
  17. Brower (2000), p. 33.
  18. "Indepth: Women in the military – international". CBS News. 30 May 2006. Archived from the original on 29 June 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
  19. Yule & Woolner (2008), p. 292.
  20. Spurling (2001), p. 287.
  21. Stewart (2009a), pp. 1–2.
  22. Stewart (2009b), pp. 1–2.
  23. Fish (2009).
  24. McPhedran (2009).
  25. Brooke (2009), p. 11.
  26. Oakes (2010).
  27. Stewart, Cameron (9 September 2011). "Sailors feared worst as sub sank". The Australian. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  28. "Australian submarine Farncomb springs a leak". AdelaideNow. Australian Associated Press (AAP). 26 July 2012. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  29. Ellery, David (24 July 2012). "In Your Defence: Aussie sub sinks American ship". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  30. Mathews, William (April 2013). "Sinking Ships". The Navy. Navy League of Australia. 75 (2): 12. ISSN 1322-6231.
  31. "International Fleet Review 2013: Participating Warships". Royal Australian Navy. 2013. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  32. Yenko, Athena (28 November 2013). "Navy's Submarine Force Simulates Sea Evacuation; DMO upgrades submarines". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  33. Casson, Neil (11 October 2014). "Rankin returns home". Navy Daily. Royal Australian Navy. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  34. Nixon, Daniel (3 August 2016). "HMAS Farncomb: another success story of the Coles Review". Navy Daily. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  35. "Australian sub home after five months of drills". Naval Today. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.

Bibliography
Books
  • Jones, Peter (2001). "A Period of Change and Uncertainty". In Stevens, David (ed.). The Royal Australian Navy. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. III. South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-555542-2. OCLC 50418095.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Spurling, Kathryn (2001). "The Era of Defence Reform". In Stevens, David (ed.). The Royal Australian Navy. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. III. South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-555542-2. OCLC 50418095.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Yule, Peter; Woolner, Derek (2008). The Collins Class Submarine Story: Steel, Spies and Spin. Port Melbourne, VIC: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86894-5. OCLC 213111359. Retrieved 1 May 2009 – via Google Books.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2013). Combat Fleets of the World (16th ed.). Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-954-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Journal and news articles
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