Gyeongbu Line

The Gyeongbu Line (Gyeongbuseon) is a railway line in South Korea and is considered to be the most important and one of the oldest ones in the country. It was constructed in 1905, connecting Seoul with Busan via Suwon, Daejeon, and Daegu. The Gyeongbu Line is by far the most heavily travelled rail line in South Korea.

Gyeongbu Line
Overview
Native name	경부선(京釜線)
Type	Passenger/freight rail
Termini	Seoul Busan
Stations	90
Line number	201 (KR)
Operation
Opened	January 1, 1905
Owner	Korea Rail Network Authority
Operator(s)	Korail
Technical
Line length	441.7 km (274.5 mi)
Number of tracks	6 (Seoul–Guro) 4 (Guro–Cheonan) 2 (Cheonan–Busan)
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in)
Electrification	25 kV/60 Hz Catenary
Operating speed	150 km/h (93 mph)
Route map Gyeongui Line 0.0 Seoul 3.2 Yongsan 9.1 Yeongdeungpo 11.7 Guro 23.9 Anyang 27.5 Geumjeong 33.9 Uiwang 41.5 Suwon 48.7 Byeongjeom 56.5 Osan 75.0 Pyeongtaek ↑Gyeonggi/South Chungcheong↓ 84.4 Seonghwan 89.8 Jiksan 96.6 Cheonan Janghang Line ↑South Chungcheong/Sejong↓ 107.4 Sojeong-ri 114.9 Jeonui 122.6 Jeondong (Signal Box) 126.1 Seochang (Signal Box) Osong line Chungbuk Line 129.3 Jochiwon 134.9 Naepan (Signal Box) 139.8 Bugang 144.4 Maepo ↑Sejong/Daejeon↓ 151.9 Sintanjin 157.5 Hoedeok 161.6 Daejon Rail Yard Honam Line Honam HSR Line 164.2 Gyeongbu HSR Line Daejeon Line 166.3 Daejeon 173.6 Secheon ↑Daejeon/North Chungcheong↓ 182.5 Okcheon 182.9 Gyeongbu HSR Line 190.8 Iwon 196.4 Jitan 200.8 Simcheon 204.6 Kakkye 211.6 Yeongdong 226.2 Hwanggan 234.7 Chupungnyeong ↑North Chungcheong/North Gyeongsang↓ 240.7 Sinam (Signal Box) 246.2 Jikjisa Gyeongbuk Line 253.8 Gimcheon 263.5 Daeshin 269.2 Apo 276.7 Gumi 281.3 Sagok 289.5 Yamok 296.0 Waegwan 302.2 Yeonhwa 305.9 Sindong 308.2 Gyeongbu HSR Line 313.3 Jicheon ↑North Gyeongsang/Daegu↓ 323.1 Deagu 326.3 East Daegu 331.8 Gomo 333.4 Gacheon Daegu Line ↑Daegu/North Gyeongsang↓ 338.6 Gyeongsan 345.7 Samseong 353.1 Namseonghyeon 361.8 Cheongdo 367.4 Singeo ↑North Gyeongsang/South Gyeongsang↓ 372.2 Sangdong 381.6 Miryang 392.6 Mijeon (Signal Box) ←Mijeon Line Gyeongjeon Line 394.1 Samnangjin 403.2 Wondong Yangsan Freight Line 412.4 Mulgeum ↑South Gyeongsang/Busan↓ 421.8 Hwamyeong 425.2 Gupo 430.3 Sasang Gaya Line Donghae Nambu Line 439.9 Busanjin Uam Line 441.7 Busan

Gyeongbu Line
Hangul	경부선
Hanja	京釜線
Revised Romanization	Gyeongbuseon
McCune–Reischauer	Kyŏngbusŏn

All types of high-speed, express, local, and freight trains provide frequent service along its entire length.

History

Groundbreaking celebration of the railway line from Seoul to Busan in 1901.

Evolution of shortest travel times and top speeds between Seoul and Busan on the Gyeongbu Line.

The Gyeongbu Line was originally constructed as a vehicle of colonialism.[1] In 1894-1895, Imperial Japan and Qing Dynasty China fought the First Sino-Japanese War for influence over Korea. Following the war, in competition with Russia's rail expansion across China, Japan sought the right from the Korean Empire to build a railway from Busan to Seoul, the Gyeonbu Line.[1] Surveying began in 1896, and in spite of local protests, the Korean Empire gave Japan the right to build the line in 1898.[2] Construction of the Gyeongbu Line started on August 20, 1901, with a ceremony at Yeongdeungpo, Seoul.[2] Construction was done by locals commanded to do forced labour, and paid with coupons.[2]

Japan also sought to gain control of the Gyeongui Line project that was to continue tracks further north, recognising the trunk route as a means to keep Korea under its influence.[1] The line was also advanced for military considerations in expectation of a confrontation with Russia, which came in 1904 as the Russo-Japanese War.[1] At the start of the war, Japan ignored Korea's declaration of neutrality and transported troops to Incheon, and forced the Korean government to sign an agreement that gave Japan's military control of the railway. Troop bases were established in connection with the railway, the biggest of them next to Yongsan station in Seoul.[1]

Construction of the Gyeongbu Line was completed on January 1, 1905.[2] The first trains travelled the line in 17 hours 4 minutes.[3] By April 1906, travel time was reduced to 11 hours,[3] while top speed was 60 km/h (37 mph).[4] The line developed into the backbone of transport in Korea under Japanese rule. Following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, from April 1, 1933, the line was traversed by direct trains from Busan to Andong (today Dandong) across the border.[5] From December 1, 1936, the Akatsuki luxury express trains ran on the line with a maximum speed of 90 km/h (56 mph), and achieved the shortest pre-war travel time of 6 hours 30 minutes[3] in the timetable valid from November 1, 1940.[6]

Travel times increased greatly while the line was used for transport in World War II.[6] Following World War II, the Seoul–Busan express train re-established on May 20, 1946,[6] was named Chosun Liberator.[5] During the Korean War, the line transported troops and refugees.[7] The line remained the backbone of transport in South Korea after the war,[8] when diesel locomotives[5] and the cross-country Mugunghwa-ho train class was introduced.[3] Following the 1961 coup, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction started South Korea's first five-year plan, which included a construction program to complete the railway network, to foster economic growth.[9] On the Gyeongbu Line, the effort was advertised with a new class of express trains named Jaegeon-ho, (Reconstruction train) introduced on May 15, 1962.[5] These trains reduced travel times below the best pre-WWII travel times for the first time, connecting Seoul and Busan in 6 hours 10 minutes at a top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph).[3]

From the 1960s, road construction began to make road transport more attractive and faster. Although top speed rose to 110 km/h (68 mph) and the Seoul–Busan travel time along the Gyeongbu Line was reduced to 4 hours 50 minutes by June 10, 1969,[3] on the parallel Gyeongbu Expressway, completed in 1970, travel time was only 4 hours to 4 hours 30 minutes.[8] Korean National Railroad responded by introducing the Saemaul-ho class of elevated-comfort express trains on August 15, 1974.[3] with the introduction of new streamlined diesel locomotives and then diesel multiple units in Saemaul-ho service,[5] top speed was raised to 140 km/h (87 mph) and travel time was reduced to 4 hours 10 minutes with the timetable valid from November 16, 1985.[3]

Upgrade

The Gyeongbu Line was extensively upgraded in parallel with the development of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway urban rapid transit system and the Korea Train Express (KTX) high-speed rail system from the 1970s.

The Gyeongbu Line is six-tracked from Seoul to Guro, four-tracked from Guro to Cheonan,[10] and double-tracked from Cheonan all the way to Busan. The entire line is electrified.[10]

Relationship with the KTX project

The Seoul-Busan axis is Korea's main traffic corridor. In 1995, it housed 73.3% of Korea's population, and conducted 70% of the freight traffic and 66% of the passenger traffic. With both the Gyeongbu Expressway and Korail's Gyeongbu Line congested, the government saw the need to develop railways.[8] The first proposals for a second Seoul-Busan railway line originated from a study prepared between 1972 and 1974 by experts of France's SNCF and Japan Railway Technical Service (JARTS) on a request from the IBRD.[8][11] A more detailed 1978-1981 study by KAIST, focusing on the needs of freight transport, also came to the conclusion that the necessary capacity for freight transport on the existing Gyeongbu Line could best be released by separating off long-distance passenger traffic on a parallel high speed passenger railway, which was then taken up in Korea's next Five Year Plan.[8]

Following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, the government decided to finish the Gyeongbu High Speed Railway (Gyeongbu HSR) in two phases, and upgrade and electrify the conventional Gyeongbu Line for KTX services on the sections paralleling the parts of the high-speed line not completed in the first phase.[8][12]

Plans foresaw the development of the Gyeongbu Line into a high-capacity freight corridor after the completion of the second phase of the Gyeongbu HSR.[13] At the time of the opening of the Daegu–Busan section of the high-speed line on November 1, 2010, capacity available for freight trains on the conventional line was expected to increase by a factor of 7.7, while the capacity for passenger transport in the entire corridor increased by a factor of 3.4.[14]

Electrification

The line was electrified in stages from 1974 to 2006:[10]

Section	Length	Start of electric operation	Notes
Seoul–Suwon	41.5 km	August 15, 1974	Integration into Seoul Subway Line 1
Yeongdeungpo–Suwon	32.3 km	December 23, 1981	Second pair of tracks
Yongsan–Guro	8.5 km	December 30, 1996	Third pair of tracks
Suwon–Byeongjeom	7.2 km	April 30, 2003	Four tracks; extension of Seoul Subway Line 1
Byeongjeom–Cheonan	48.4 km	January 20, 2005	Four tracks
Cheonan–Jochiwon	32.7 km	March 30, 2005
Jochiwon–Daejeonjochajang	34.9 km	July 1, 2005
Daejeonjochajang–Daejeon–Okcheon	20.7 km	April 1, 2004	For KTX trains
Okcheon–Sangdong	125.3 km	Dec 8, 2006
Sangdong–Daegu–Busan	132.8 km	April 1, 2004	For KTX trains

For KTX trains and new electric locomotives, top speed was also raised to up to 150 km/h.[10][15]

Services

The Gyeongbu Line is the major route out of Seoul and Yongsan stations and, in addition to regular departures for Busan, trains travel along the Gyeongbu Line en route to Janghang, Gwangju, Mokpo, Suncheon, Yeosu, Pohang, Ulsan, Haeundae, Masan, and Jinju. Trains for Jecheon, Andong, and Yeongju also operate along sections of the Gyeongbu Line.

On the section between Seoul station, Guro (where roughly half of the trains leave the Gyeongbu Line to head out to Incheon via the Gyeongin Line), Suwon, and Byeongjeom, Seoul Subway Line 1 provides frequent commuter services.

The Gyeongbu Line is served along its entire length by frequent intercity Saemaul-ho and cross-country Mugunghwa-ho trains. Some trains run along the entire length of the line, others only on some sections, including trains diverging to the connected lines. As of October 2010, direct Saemaul day trains connect Seoul to Busan in a minimum 4 hours 50 minutes, and Mughungwa trains in a minimum 5 hours 28 minutes.[16]

KTX

Korail launched KTX high-speed services with the opening of the first phase of the Gyeongbu HSR on April 1, 2004.[8] The Seoul–Busan travel distance was shortened to 408.5 km, the shortest travel time was 2 hours 40 minutes.[8]

All KTX services use the conventional Gyeongbu Line between Seoul and the start of the Siheung Interconnection at a junction after Geumcheon-gu Office station, until the Siheung Interconnection diverges in a tunnel towards the present start of the Gyeongbu HSR. The terminal for most Gyeongbu KTX services is Seoul station, for most Honam KTX services, Yongsan station.[8][16] In addition, some trains continue beyond Seoul station for 14.9 km along the Gyeongui Line to terminate at Haengsin station,[16] next to which KTX trains have a depot.[17] An additional stop at Yeongdeungpo station was proposed in 2004, however, the plans were dropped in face of opposition from locals living around Gwangmyeong station along the Gyeongbu HSR, who feared that Yeongdeungpo would draw away passengers from the new station and force its closing.[18] However, the November 1, 2010, timetable change made Yeongdeungpo a KTX stop, for newly introduced trains that also use the Gyeongbu Line on the entire Seoul–Daejeon section, to serve Suwon.[16][19]

From its opening, the Gyeongbu KTX service also returned to the Gyeongbu Line for two short sections crossing Daejeon and Daegu, where local disputes about the high-speed line alignment across urban areas held up construction;[20] and all the way from Daegu to Busan. Consequently, all but two of the stations of the Gyeongbu KTX service were on the conventional Gyeongbu Line: after the two stations on the high-speed line, Gwangmyeong and Cheonan-Asan, stops were at Daejeon, Dongdaegu (East Daegu), Miryang, Gupo and Busan.[8] Some Gyeongbu KTX services maintained service on this relation after the November 1, 2010, opening of the second phase of the Gyeongbu HSR, with the daily number of halts in Miryang and Gupo increased.[16] Korail met local demands by introducing additional KTX services between Seoul and Dongdaegu in June 2007, which used the conventional Gyeongbu Line between Daejeon and Dongdaegu to serve Gimcheon and Gumi.[21] However, these services were discontinued with the opening of the Gimcheon–Gumi station on the high-speed line.[21]

The section between Daegu and Samnangjin, the junction with the Gyeongjeon Line, is also used by the Gyeongjeon KTX services, which connect Seoul to Masan on the Gyeongjeon Line since December 15, 2010,[22] and will be extended to Jinju by 2012.[23] Stops along the Gyeongbu Line will be at Dongdaegu and Miryang.

Evolution of long-distance passenger traffic

Between Seoul and Cheonan, the Mugunghwa and Saemaul express trains on the Gyeongbu Line gave rail around a fifth of the modal share before the launch of KTX services. Due to the short distance and the location of the KTX station outside the city, the conventional line could retain most of its passengers, and the increase in the total modal share of rail was modest.[8] On the medium-distance relation from Seoul to Daejeon, KTX gained market share mostly at the expense of normal express services on the Gyeongbu Line, which decreased by half in the first year, while the total share of rail increased to a third.[8] On the long-distance relations from Seoul to Daegu and Busan, the total share of rail increased from around two-fifths to a market dominating three-fifths, with the bulk of that traffic taken by the KTX. For intercity passenger traffic on the conventional Gyeongbu Line, that translates to a sharp drop on the Daejeon-Daegu section (bypassed by KTX trains) and a sharp increase on the Daegu-Busan section.[8]

Railway modal share in intercity traffic[8]

Seoul to...	Cheonan			Daejeon			Daegu			Busan
Period	Total	Without KTX		Total	Without KTX		Total	Without KTX		Total	Without KTX
2003/4	21.1%	21.1%		27.5%	27.5%		40.5%	40.5%		38.0%	38.0%
2004/5	24.2%	19.2%		33.9%	14.0%		63.6%	11.4%		60.9%	10.6%

Station list

Station	Hangul	Hanja	Connecting lines and services	Station distance	Line distance	Location
				km
Seoul	서울	서울	Gyeongbu HSR Gyeongui Line Gyeongin Line Seoul Subway Line 1 Seoul Subway Line 4 AREX	-	0.0	Seoul	Jung-gu
Namyeong	남영	南營	Seoul Subway Line 1	1.7	1.7		Yongsan-gu
Yongsan	용산	龍山	Gyeongwon Line ( Gyeongui–​Jungang ) Yongsan Line Honam Line Honam KTX Seoul Subway Line 1	1.5	3.2
Noryangjin	노량진	鷺梁津	Seoul Subway Line 1 Seoul Subway Line 9	2.6	5.8		Dongjak-gu
Daebang	대방	大方	Seoul Subway Line 1	1.5	7.3		Yeongdeungpo-gu
Singil	신길	新吉	Seoul Subway Line 1 Seoul Subway Line 5	0.8	8.1
Yeongdeungpo	영등포	永登浦	Gyeongbu HSR Seoul Subway Line 1	1.0	9.1
Sindorim	신도림	新道林	Seoul Subway Line 1 Seoul Subway Line 2 Sinjeong Branch (Seoul Subway Line 2)	1.5	10.6		Guro-gu
Guro	구로	九老	Seoul Subway Line 1 Gyeongin Line (Seoul Subway Line 1)	1.1	11.7
Gasan Digital Complex	가산디지털단지	加山디지털團地	Seoul Subway Line 1 Seoul Subway Line 7	2.4	14.1		Geumcheon-gu
Doksan (Haan-dong)	독산 (하안동입구)	禿山 (下安洞入口)	Seoul Subway Line 1	2.0	16.1
Geumcheon-gu Office	금천구청	衿川區廳	Seoul Subway Line 1 Gwangmyeong Line (Seoul Subway Line 1)	1.2	17.3
Seoksu	석수	石水	Seoul Subway Line 1	2.3	19.6	Gyeonggi-do	Anyang
Gwanak	관악	冠岳	Seoul Subway Line 1	1.9	21.5
Anyang	안양	安養	Seoul Subway Line 1	2.4	23.9
Myeonghak (Sungkyul University)	명학 성결대앞	鳴鶴 (聖潔大앞)	Seoul Subway Line 1	2.2	26.1
Geumjeong	금정	衿井	Seoul Subway Line 1 Gwacheon Line (Seoul Subway Line 4) Ansan Line (Seoul Subway Line 4)	1.4	27.5		Gunpo
Gunpo	군포	軍浦	Seoul Subway Line 1	2.2	29.7
Dangjeong (Hansei University)	당정 (한세대앞)	堂井 (韓世大앞)	Seoul Subway Line 1	1.6	31.3
Uiwang (Korea National University of Transportation)	의왕 (철도대학)	義王 (鐵道大學)	Seoul Subway Line 1 Nambu Hwamulgiji Line	4.2	33.9		Uiwang
Sungkyunkwan Univ.	성균관대	成均館大	Seoul Subway Line 1	2.9	36.8		Suwon
Hwaseo	화서	華西	Seoul Subway Line 1	2.6	39.4
Suwon	수원	水原	Gyeongbu HSR Seoul Subway Line 1  Bundang  Line	2.1	41.5
Seryu	세류	細柳	Seoul Subway Line 1	2.9	44.4
Byeongjeom (Hanshin University)	병점 (한신대)	餅店 (韓神大)	Seoul Subway Line 1 Byeongjeomgiji Line (Seoul Subway Line 1)	4.3	48.7		Hwaseong
Sema	세마	洗馬	Seoul Subway Line 1	2.4	51.1		Osan
Osan College (Mulhyanggi Arboretum)	오산대 (물향기수목원)	烏山大 (물香気樹木園)	Seoul Subway Line 1	2.7	53.8
Osan	오산	烏山	Seoul Subway Line 1	2.7	56.5
Jinwi	진위	振威	Seoul Subway Line 1	4.0	60.5		Pyeongtaek
Songtan	송탄	松炭	Seoul Subway Line 1	3.8	64.3
Seojeong-ri (Kookje College)	서정리 (국제대학)	西井里 (國際大學)	Seoul Subway Line 1	2.2	66.5
Jije	지제	芝制	Seoul Subway Line 1	4.8	71.3
Pyeongtaek	평택	平澤	Seoul Subway Line 1	3.7	75.0
Seonghwan (Namseoul University)	성환 (남서울대)	成歡 (南서울大)	Seoul Subway Line 1	9.4	84.4	Chungcheongnam-do	Cheonan
Jiksan	직산	稷山	Seoul Subway Line 1	5.4	89.8
Dujeong	두정	斗井	Seoul Subway Line 1	3.8	93.6
Cheonan	천안	天安	Seoul Subway Line 1 Janghang Line Anseong Line (Closed)	3.0	96.6
Sojeong-ri	소정리	小井里	-	10.8	107.4	Sejong City
Jeonui	전의	全義	-	7.5	114.9
Jeondong	전동	全東	-	7.7	122.6
Seochang	서창	瑞倉	Osong Line	3.5	126.1
Jochiwon	조치원	鳥致院	Chungbuk Line	3.2	129.3
Naepan	내판	內板	-	5.6	134.9
Bugang	부강	芙江	-	4.9	139.8
Maepo	매포	梅浦	-	4.6	144.4
Sintanjin	신탄진	新灘津	-	7.5	151.9	Daejeon	Daedeok-gu
Hoedeok	회덕	懷德	-	5.6	157.5
Daejeonjochajang	대전조차장	大田操車場	Honam Line	4.1	161.6
Daejeon	대전	大田	Gyeongbu HSR Daejeon Line ● Daejeon Subway Line 1	4.7	166.3		Dong-gu
Secheon	세천	細川	-	7.6	173.6
Jeungyak (Closed)	증약	增若	-	-	-	Chungcheongbuk-do	Okcheon-gun
Okcheon	옥천	沃川	-	8.0	182.5
Gapung (Closed)	가풍	加豊	-	-	-
Iwon	이원	伊院	-	8.3	190.8
Jitan	지탄	池灘	-	5.6	196.4
Simcheon	심천	深川	-	4.4	200.8		Yeongdong-gun
Gakgye	각계	覺溪	-	3.8	204.6
Yeongdong	영동	永同	-	7.0	211.6
Mireuk (Closed)	미륵	彌勒	-	-	-
Hwanggan	황간	黃澗	-	14.6	226.2
Chupungnyeong	추풍령	秋風嶺	-	8.5	234.7
Sinam	신암	新岩	-	6.0	240.7	Gyeongsangbuk-do	Gimcheon
Jikjisa	직지사	直指寺	-	5.5	246.2
Gimcheon	김천	金泉	Gyeongbuk Line	7.6	253.8
Daesin	대신	大新	-	9.7	263.5
Apo	아포	牙浦	-	5.7	269.2
Gumi	구미	龜尾		7.5	276.7		Gumi
Sagok	사곡	沙谷	-	4.6	281.3
Yangmok	약목	若木	-	8.2	289.5		Chilgok-gun
Waegwan	왜관	倭館	-	6.5	296.0
Yeonhwa	연화	蓮花	-	6.2	302.2
Sindong	신동	新洞	-	3.7	305.9
Jicheon	지천	枝川	-	7.4	313.3
Daegu	대구	大邱	Daegu Subway Line 1	9.8	323.1	Daegu	Buk-gu
Dongdaegu	동대구	東大邱	Gyeongbu HSR Daegu Line Daegu Subway Line 1	3.2	326.3		Dong-gu
Gomo	고모	顧母	-	5.5	331.8		Suseong-gu
Gacheon	가천	佳川	Daegu Line	1.6	333.4
Gyeongsan	경산	慶山	-	5.2	338.6	Gyeongsangbuk-do	Gyeongsan
Samseong	삼성	三省	-	7.1	345.7
Namseonghyeon	남성현	南省峴	-	7.4	353.1		Cheongdo-gun
Cheongdo	청도	淸道	-	8.7	361.8
Singeo	신거	新巨	-	5.6	367.4
Sangdong	상동	上東	-	4.8	372.2	Gyeongsangnam-do	Miryang
Miryang	밀양	密陽	Gyeongbu HSR	9.4	381.6
Muwol (Closed)	무월	無月	-	-	-
Mijeon	미전	美田	Mijeon Line	11.0	392.6
Samnangjin	삼량진	三浪津	Gyeongjeon Line	1.5	394.1
Wondong	원동	院洞	-	9.1	403.2		Yangsan
Mulgeum	물금	勿禁	-	9.2	412.4
Hwamyeong	화명	華明	Busan Subway Line 2	9.4	421.8	Busan	Buk-gu
Gupo	구포	龜浦	Gyeongbu HSR Busan Subway Line 3	3.4	425.2
Sasang	사상	沙上	Gaya Line Busan Subway Line 2	5.1	430.3		Sasang-gu
Busanjin	부산진	釜山鎭	Donghae Line Busan Subway Line 1	9.6	439.9		Busanjin-gu
Busan	부산	釜山	Gyeongbu HSR Busan Subway Line 1	1.8	441.7		Dong-gu

See also

• Korail
• List of Korea-related topics

References

1. "Korea's Railway Network the Key to Imperial Japan's Control". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
2. "[책갈피 속의 오늘]1901년 경부선 철도 기공 ". The Dong-a Ilbo. 2007-08-20. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
3. "열차속도의 변천" (in Korean). Korail. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
4. 차량 기술현황 (in Korean). Woosong University. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
5. "History of train operation". Korea Railway Industry information Center. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
6. 한국철도 열차운전속도 변천사 (in Korean). Rail Safety Information System. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
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External links

Media related to Gyeongbu Line at Wikimedia Commons