Greensleeves

"Greensleeves" is a traditional English folk song. A broadside ballad by the name "A Newe Northen Dittye of ye Ladye Greene Sleves" was registered by Richard Jones at the London Stationer's Company in September 1580,[1][2] and the tune is found in several late-16th-century and early-17th-century sources, such as Ballet's MS Lute Book and Het Luitboek van Thysius, as well as various manuscripts preserved in the Seeley Historical Library in the University of Cambridge.

For the British record label, see Greensleeves Records.

My Lady Greensleeves
by Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Form
Music of the 1500s
Secular music

"Greensleeves" can have a ground either of the form called a romanesca; or its slight variant, the passamezzo antico; or the passamezzo antico in its verses and the romanesca in its reprise; or of the Andalusian progression in its verses and the romanesca or passamezzo antico in its reprise. The romanesca originated in Spain[3] and is composed of a sequence of four chords with a simple, repeating bass, which provide the groundwork for variations and improvisation.

Origin

A broadside ballad by this name was registered at the London Stationer's Company in September 1580,[1] by Richard Jones, as "A Newe Northen Dittye of ye Ladye Greene Sleves".[2] Six more ballads followed in less than a year, one on the same day, 3 September 1580 ("Ye Ladie Greene Sleeves answere to Donkyn hir frende" by Edward White), then on 15 and 18 September (by Henry Carr and again by White), 14 December (Richard Jones again), 13 February 1581 (Wiliam Elderton), and August 1581 (White's third contribution, "Greene Sleeves is worne awaie, Yellow Sleeves Comme to decaie, Blacke Sleeves I holde in despite, But White Sleeves is my delighte").[4] It then appears in the surviving A Handful of Pleasant Delights (1584) as A New Courtly Sonnet of the Lady Green Sleeves. To the new tune of Green Sleeves.

There is a persistent belief that Greensleeves was composed by Henry VIII for his lover and future queen consort Anne Boleyn.[5] Boleyn allegedly rejected King Henry's attempts to seduce her and this rejection may be referred to in the song when the writer's love "cast me off discourteously". However, the piece is based on an Italian style of composition that did not reach England until after Henry's death, making it more likely to be Elizabethan in origin.[6]

Lyrical interpretation

A possible interpretation of the lyrics is that Lady Green Sleeves was a promiscuous young woman, perhaps even a prostitute.[7] At the time, the word "green" had sexual connotations, most notably in the phrase "a green gown", a reference to the grass stains on a woman's dress from engaging in sexual intercourse outdoors.[8]

An alternative explanation is that Lady Green Sleeves was, through her costume, incorrectly assumed to be sexually promiscuous. Her "discourteous" rejection of the singer's advances supports the contention that she is not.[8]

In Nevill Coghill's translation of The Canterbury Tales,[9] he explains that "green [for Chaucer’s age] was the colour of lightness in love. This is echoed in 'Greensleeves is my delight' and elsewhere."

Alternative lyrics

Christmas and New Year texts were associated with the tune from as early as 1686, and by the 19th century almost every printed collection of Christmas carols included some version of words and music together, most of them ending with the refrain "On Christmas Day in the morning".[10] One of the most popular of these is "What Child Is This?", written in 1865 by William Chatterton Dix.[11]

Early literary references

In Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor (written c. 1597; first published in 1602), the character Mistress Ford refers twice to "the tune of 'Greensleeves'", and Falstaff later exclaims:

Let the sky rain potatoes! Let it thunder to the tune of 'Greensleeves'!

These allusions indicate the song was already well known at that time.

  • The tune was the basis for "Home in the Meadow," a recurring song throughout the 1962 epic film How the West Was Won.[12]
  • In some parts of the world, including Australia, India, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, United Kingdom, and areas of the United States, the "Greensleeves" tune is popular as a standard chime for ice cream vans.[13][14]
  • The tune was used (as "My Lady Greensleeves") as the slow march of the London Trained Bands in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Later the 7th (City of London) Battalion London Regiment, which claimed descent from the Yellow Regiment of London Trained Bands, adopted the tune as its quick march during World War I, replacing "Austria" (to the same tune as Deutschland über Alles), which had been used until then.[15]
  • Ralph Vaughan Williams's Fantasia on "Greensleeves" (1934), based on the "Greensleeves" melody, is actually an arrangement by Ralph Greaves (1889–1966) of an orchestral interlude from Vaughan Williams' 1928 opera Sir John in Love; the fantasia also incorporates the folk song "Lovely Joan" as its middle section.[16][17][18][19]
  • A rendering of the tune, titled the "Lassie Theme" was used extensively in the Lassie television show, especially the ending credits.[20]
  • In Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination, Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination and Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination (public exams in Hong Kong), this song is used as background music for candidates to study the questions and tidy up their answers in listening papers.[21]
  • In the contemporary British musical Six, Anne Boleyn is reimagined in a more modern viewing. The musical makes use of the belief that the poem was written by King Henry in the opening title, "Ex-Wives",[22] and the closing song, "Six".[23] Additionally, an instrumental techno version of "Greensleeves" is incorporated into part of the music.
  • In the Take Your Daughter to Work Day episode of The Office (Season 2 Episode 24), Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) plays Greensleeves on a recorder and tells the children the song is, "about the beheaded Ann Boleyn."

Tune
gollark: This is NOT principled FP design.
gollark: Operators aren't functions? <:bees:724389994663247974>
gollark: Can commute commute? Make unary operators somehow capable of that.
gollark: Yes, do so.
gollark: I am actually also associative.

References
  1. Frank Kidson, English Folk-Song and Dance. READ BOOKS, 2008, p.26. ISBN 1-4437-7289-5
  2. John M. Ward, "'And Who But Ladie Greensleeues?'", in The Well Enchanting Skill: Music, Poetry, and Drama in the Culture of the Renaissance: Essays in Honour of F. W. Sternfeld, edited by John Caldwell, Edward Olleson, and Susan Wollenberg, 181–211 (Oxford:Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1990): 181. ISBN 0-19-316124-9.
  3. Harvey Turnbull, The Guitar from the Renaissance to the Present (1992), p.31. ISBN 0-933224-57-5. See: "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link).
  4. Hyder Edward Rollins, An Analytical Index to the Ballad-Entries (1557–1709) in the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1924): nos, 1892, 1390, 1051, 1049, 1742, 2276, 1050. Cited in John M. Ward, "'And Who But Ladie Greensleeues?'", in The Well Enchanting Skill: Music, Poetry, and Drama in the Culture of the Renaissance: Essays in Honour of F. W. Sternfeld, edited by John Caldwell, Edward Olleson, and Susan Wollenberg, 181–211 (Oxford:Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1990): 181–82. ISBN 0-19-316124-9.
  5. "Greensleeves: Mythology, History and Music. Part 1 of 3: Mythology". Early Music Muse. 3 July 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  6. Alison Weir, Henry VIII: The King and His Court (New York: Ballantine Books, 2001): 131. ISBN 0-345-43708-X.
  7. Meg Lota Brown and Kari Boyd McBride, Women's Roles in the Renaissance (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005), 101. ISBN 0-313-32210-4
  8. Vance Randolph "Unprintable" Ozark Folksongs and Folklore, Volume I, Folksongs and Music, page 47, University of Arkansas Press, 1992, ISBN 1-55728-231-5
  9. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, revised edition, translated into modern English by Nevill Coghill (Harmondsworth and Baltimore, Penguin Books, 1958): 517, note 422. Reprinted in The Penguin Classics Library Complete Collection (London and New York: Penguin Books, 2003). ISBN 0-14-042438-5.
  10. John M. Ward, "'And Who But Ladie Greensleeues?'", in The Well Enchanting Skill: Music, Poetry, and Drama in the Culture of the Renaissance: Essays in Honour of F. W. Sternfeld, edited by John Caldwell, Edward Olleson, and Susan Wollenberg, 181–211 (Oxford:Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1990): 193. ISBN 0-19-316124-9.
  11. "Greensleeves: Mythology, History and Music. Part 2 of 3: History". Early Music Muse. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
  12. "GREENSLEEVES vs 'Home In The Meadow'". 25 August 2015.
  13. Barton, Laura (12 July 2013). "Ice-cream van chimes: the sound of the British summer". The Guardian.
  14. Dorman, Nick (3 August 2013). "Ice cream vans, Greensleeves chime and 99s make Brits happier according to poll". Mirror.
  15. C. Digby Planck, The Shiny Seventh: History of the 7th (City of London) Battalion London Regiment, London: Old Comrades' Association, 1946/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2002, ISBN 1-84342-366-9, pp. 219–20.
  16. Ralph Vaughan Williams, Fantasia on Greensleeves, arranged from the opera Sir John in Love for string orchestra and harp (or pianoforte) with one or two optional flutes by Ralph Greaves, Oxford Orchestral Series no. 102 (London: Oxford University Press, 1934).
  17. Hugh Ottaway and Alain Frogley, "Vaughan Williams, Ralph", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).
  18. Michael Kennedy, "Fantasia on 'Greensleeves'", The Oxford Dictionary of Music, second edition, revised; associate editor, Joyce Bourne (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006) ISBN 9780198614593.
  19. "The Halle Orchestra Conducted By John Barbirolli – Fantasia On "Greensleeves"/ Londonderry Air". Discogs. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  20. "Lassie theme". lassieweb.org.
  21. 英語聆聽背景音樂點解用「綠袖子」？ "DSE公開試秘密拆解 英語聆聽背景音樂點解用「綠袖子」？ - 香港經濟日報 - TOPick - 新聞 - 社會". topick.hket.com.
  22. "Ex-Wives" – via www.youtube.com.
  23. "Six" – via www.youtube.com.

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