Grand Prix (1966 film)

Grand Prix is a 1966 American sports drama film directed by John Frankenheimer, produced by Edward Lewis, and written by Robert Alan Aurthur with uncredited story contributions by Frankenheimer and rewrites by William Hanley. It stars an international ensemble cast, including James Garner, Eva Marie Saint, Yves Montand, Brian Bedford, Jessica Walter, Françoise Hardy and Antonio Sabàto. Toshiro Mifune has a supporting role as a race team owner, inspired by Soichiro Honda. The picture was photographed in Super Panavision 70 by Lionel Lindon, and presented in 70mm Cinerama in premiere engagements. Its unique racing cinematography is one of the main draws of the film.

Grand Prix
Theatrical release poster by Howard Terpning
Directed byJohn Frankenheimer
Produced byEdward Lewis
Written byRobert Alan Aurthur
StarringJames Garner
Eva Marie Saint
Yves Montand
Toshiro Mifune
Brian Bedford
Antonio Sabàto
Françoise Hardy
Music byMaurice Jarre
CinematographyLionel Lindon
Edited byFredric Steinkamp
Henry Berman
Stewart Linder
Frank Santillo
Production
company
Douglas & Lewis Productions
Joel Productions
John Frankenheimer Productions
Cherokee Productions
Distributed byMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Release date
  • December 21, 1966 (1966-12-21)
Running time
179 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$9 million
Box office$20.8 million[1]

The film includes real-life racing footage and cameo appearances by drivers including Formula One World Champions Phil Hill, Graham Hill, Juan Manuel Fangio, Jim Clark, Jochen Rindt and Jack Brabham. Other drivers who appeared in the film include Dan Gurney, Ludovico Scarfiotti, Richie Ginther, Joakim Bonnier, Bruce McLaren and Jo Siffert.[2]

One of the ten highest-grossing films of 1966, Grand Prix won three Academy Awards for its technical achievements.[3]

In his memoirs, Garner called it "in my opinion, still the best picture ever made about auto racing."[4]

Plot

The story follows the fate of four Formula One drivers through a fictionalized version of the 1966 Formula One season:

  • Jean-Pierre Sarti (Ferrari) – A Frenchman who has been world champion twice, he is nearing the end of his career and feeling increasingly cynical about racing itself.
  • Pete Aron (first Jordan, then Yamura) – An American attempting to repeat past successes and overcome his reputation as a reckless, second-tier driver, he signs with the newcomer Yamura Motors.
  • Scott Stoddard (Jordan) – A British driver recuperating from a bad crash that left him hospitalized, he becomes dogged by recurrent pains while dealing as well with the emotional turmoil of his rocky marriage.
  • Nino Barlini (Ferrari) – A charismatic yet arrogant Italian racer, he's Ferrari's No. 2 driver, being a promising rookie and former world motorcycle champion.

Subplots in the film revolve around the women who try to live with or love the racers with dangerous lifestyles. The married Sarti begins an affair with an American magazine writer, Louise Frederickson, who initially has little interest in motorsports. Aron has a brief romance with Stoddard's unhappy wife Pat while Stoddard deals with living in the shadow of his family's history, being unsure if he can live up to the prestigious racing legacy of his late brother.

The story concludes at the Italian Grand Prix, its winner likely to become world champion. Sarti's wife, Monique, shows up just before it begins, coming face-to-face with Louise and telling Sarti she will never grant him a divorce even as Sarti wishes to end their unhappy union. Sarti's car has technical difficulties at the race's start, with the other drivers facing a close contest for first. Sarti is then suddenly killed in a spectacular crash. His Ferrari teammate, Barlini, is flagged off the course by team leader, Manetta, resulting in a tight race between Aron and Stoddard to the finish line, Aron getting the checkered flag. While a jubilant Aron magnanimously invites Stoddard to the winner's platform to join him, the shock of Sarti's death takes its toll on the celebration. The film ends with Aron, alone, walking along the circuit of the final racetrack.

Cast
Yves Montand as Jean-Pierre Sarti
James Garner as Pete Aron.

Production
John Frankenheimer on set

Director John Frankenheimer later said when he made the film he had the "choice of making a Grand Hotel type picture or a Test Pilot type picture" and he chose the former.[5]

The making was a race itself as fellow Hollywood icons Steve McQueen and John Sturges planned to make a similar movie exploring the life of racers, with the McQueen/Sturges team initially using the title Day of the Champion.[6] Due to their contract with the German motorsports complex Nürburgring, Frankenheimer had to turn over 27 reels shot there to Sturges. Frankenheimer got ahead in schedule terms anyway, however, and McQueen's project ran into a wide variety of problems. Said German race track was only mentioned briefly in Grand Prix. McQueen's racing film eventually took the title Le Mans, with it seeing a 1971 release (five years after Grand Prix).

The production team began by using connections to racing figures Dan Gurney, Phil Hill, and Carroll Shelby, who all assisted them in trying to break through an otherwise reluctant European establishment. The filming process meant disrupting vital practice runs and otherwise getting in the way of the actual racers' activities. The Grand Prix team initially faced a particularly lukewarm response from the Ferrari company, with the firm concerned that the movie would overly sensationalize their work. Frankenheimer cut together approximately thirty minutes of detailed footage after filming in Monte Carlo, temporarily halted the movie's production, and sent the short piece over to the company's management. He received such a positive response that he gained unprecedented access, being allowed to shoot inside Ferrari's production floor alongside the real racing vehicles. The director used this budding relationship to push other entities to help with the film-making process. Many real-life drivers of the era ended up making cameo appearances in Grand Prix, several even briefly speaking alongside the actors.[7]

The F1 cars in the film are mostly mocked-up Formula Three cars made to look like contemporary Formula One models, although the film also used footage from actual F1 races.[8] Because Yamura Motors is a fictional race team, the producers struck a deal with Bruce McLaren's newly formed McLaren team to have his car, the McLaren M2B, to be painted with Yamura's colors. In two occasions, because the McLaren could not take part in these races, another car was painted in the same colours: Bob Bondurant's BRM at Spa, and at Zandvoort for the Dutch GP, the Lotus 25 BRM entered by Reg Parnell for Mike Spence. Some of the footage was captured by Phil Hill, the 1961 World Champion, who drove a modified camera car in some sessions during the 1966 Monaco and Belgian Grands Prix.[9] This was some of the earliest experimentation with in-car cameras for F1, particularly in terms of first-person shots aimed at putting the audience in the position of the racers.[7]

The actual level of driving ability possessed by the movie's actors varied wildly. Bedford couldn't drive at all and was only ever in the car for close-up type shots, with the production's driving instructor calling the actor's situation "hopeless". Montand and Sabàto faced significant challenges, both of them struggling with even basic skills. Garner, on the other hand, proved competent enough that he trained exclusively with iconic Shelby Cobra driver Bob Bondurant, with the actor's interest in cars growing greatly as a direct result of his involvement in the film. Garner's talents on the road became strong enough that some of the professional drivers, including Bondurant, remarked that the actor could have been a successful Grand Prix driver if he had not gone into making films; director Frankenheimer himself agreed. Garner's devotion to the part caused him to do his own stunt in the scene in which a fuel leak in his vehicle sets it on fire.[7] Garner's car was fitted with a higher rollbar and had no seat, since he was too tall to fit in a contemporary F1 car.

The helmet design that James Garner's character uses is often confused with that of then-Grand Prix race driver Chris Amon from New Zealand. The main difference is that the blue and red colours are inverted. Furthermore, a silhouette of a Kiwi bird that was on the side of Amon's helmet, not on Garner's. Brian Bedford's character used a helmet design that was the same as that of real life 1966 BRM driver Jackie Stewart. As Bedford couldn't drive, this was done so that they could shoot footage of Stewart driving the BRM (with a balaclava over his face to hide that it wasn't actually Bedford driving) and pass it off as Bedford. Sarti's helmet was Surtees', and Barlini's was Bandini's.

Circuits featured in the film include Circuit de Monaco (Monaco), Clermont-Ferrand (France), Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps (Belgium), Circuit Park Zandvoort (Netherlands), Brands Hatch (United Kingdom),[10] and Autodromo Nazionale Monza (Italy). The Nürburgring (West Germany), Watkins Glen International (USA), and the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez (Mexico) were all mentioned in the film but there was no footage shown.

The camera cars used during actual GP races were a Lotus 25 Climax at Monaco and a McLaren M2B Ford at Spa, both driven by racing figure Phil Hill. A camera was mounted at the front only at Monaco, and an additional one filming the driving wheel was in place at Spa. Aerial shots were filmed from an Alouette III helicopter. These shots were taken so close to the actual roads that the cameraman's shoes became stained with bits of greenery from the tips of nearby trees.[7] Several other camera cars were used during the shooting of fake races, including a modified Ford GT40 and an AC Cobra.

Although making various technological innovations in their filmmaking, numerous difficulties bogged down the movie's production. During filming with wet roads, several cars lost control to the point that one driver broke his shoulder bone and another nearly careened into the upstairs window of a house. The production team often decided to include unplanned accidents caught on film in the final movie, coming back hours later to shoot before-and-after scenes so that things fit in the final cut. For major accidents that were part of the story-line, the crew constructed a special cannon-like device that could fire gutted cars a considerable distance.[7]

Title designer Saul Bass was credited as visual consultant, montages and titles. He made extensive use of multiple split screens.[11][12] During the making of the film, both Frankenheimer and Garner were interviewed by television personality Alan Whicker for the BBC series Whicker's World.[7]

Reception

Upon its 1966 release, Bosley Crowther called the film "a smashing and thundering compilation of racing footage shot superbly at the scenes of the big meets around the circuit, jazzed up with some great photographic trickery ... Mr. Frankenheimer belts you with such a barrage of magnificent shots of the racing cars, seen from every angle and every possible point of intimacy, that you really feel as though you've been in it after you've seen this film. Furthermore, the director and Saul Bass fill that mammoth screen from time to time with multiple graphics and montages that look like movies at a world's fair. Triple and quadruple panels and even screen-filling checkerboards ... hit the viewer with stimulations that optically generate a sort of intoxication with racing. It's razzle-dazzle of a random sort, but it works."[12] However, Crowther concluded "the big trouble with this picture ... is that the characters and their romantic problems are stereotypes and clichés... You come away with the feeling that you've seen virtually everything there is to see in grand-prix racing, except the real guys who drive those killer cars."

Variety called the film "one of those rare pictures that draws its basic strength, excitement and interest-arresting potential through the visual (the pure art of cinema) and if it lacked brilliant virtuosity in the action department it would be just another flimflam."[13] Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times called it "the new, definitive, great film about auto racing", adding that after three hours "if one emerged with the feeling that maybe there has been just too much, here is one case in which I can state happily that it is better than too little."[14] Leo Sullivan of The Washington Post wrote, "John Frankenheimer's 'Grand Prix' is brought alive with cinematic innovations and is frequently set ablaze with excitement."[15] Brendan Gill of The New Yorker described the film as "big, brave, eye-bedazzling, earsplitting, and sometimes almost heart-stopping."[16] The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "The cars, of course, steal all the thunder, but one is a little disappointed to find the drivers and their private lives so little elevated beyond the level of pulp fiction. Still, as a spectacle Grand Prix is on the whole such a success that the fact it isn't anything more than a spectacle hardly matters."[17]

Forty-five years later, upon its release on Blu-ray Disc, The New York Times reviewed the film again, with Dave Kehr saying "considered purely from a technical point of view, the new disc is a beauty, with crisp, richly textured images that do justice to the original 65-millimeter Super Panavision format, and a roaringly dimensional soundtrack ... As a movie, though, Grand Prix was never that grand. First shown as a reserved-seat, road-show attraction in Cinerama theaters, it is little more than a 176-minute version of the roller-coaster ride This Is Cinerama that introduced the format in 1952, a high-speed tour of the principal stops on the Formula One tour, with the spectator, as often as possible, strapped into the driver's seat."[3]

The film grossed $20.8 million in the United States and Canada and, although it was one of the ten highest-grossing films of 1966, the theatrical rentals generated of $9.3 million were considered a disappointment compared to its budget and the fact that it did not perform better was blamed on Garner.[1][18][19]

Accolades

At the 39th Academy Awards, Grand Prix won Oscars for Best Sound Effects (Gordon Daniel), Best Film Editing and Best Sound (Franklin Milton).[20] John Frankenheimer was nominated for Outstanding Directing by the Directors Guild of America.

gollark: Don't be on fire, or something similar.
gollark: I'd like to note that it doesn't work on Linux. Admittedly the game apparently won't, but still.
gollark: As someone on Linux I'm not actually likely to play it anyway for years, so whatever.
gollark: Wow, people seem oddly infuriated about this.
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See also

References
  1. "Grand Prix, Box Office Information". The Numbers. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
  2. Grand Prix (1966) – Full cast and crew. IMDb
  3. Kehr, Dave (May 20, 2011). "Start Your High-Def Engines". The New York Times. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  4. Garner, James; Winokur, Jon (2011). The Garner Files: A Memoir. Simon & Schuster. p. 255.
  5. Mann, R. (September 26, 1982). "FRANKENHEIMER SPEEDS ON". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 153254062.
  6. My Husband, My Friend, Neile McQueen Toffel, A Signet Book, 1986. thesandpebbles.com
  7. Pushing the Limit: The Making of Grand Prix (DVD). New Wave Entertainment Television. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
  8. Armstrong, Stephen B., ed. (March 22, 2013). John Frankenheimer: Interviews, Essays, and Profiles. Scarecrow Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0810890565. The only race shoot that did not occur at a "live" race weekend was the film's French Grand Prix. The real French race in 1966 was held at the flat and featureless Reims circuit, and so Frankenheimer staged a mock race at Clermont-Ferrand, which allowed the luxury of time to fill in many of the story elements and flesh out some of the characters.
  9. "Phil Hill". Motor Sport magazine archive. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  10. Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office Grand Prix Article".
  11. Perkins, Will. "Grand Prix". www.artofthetitle.com. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  12. Crowther, Bosley (December 22, 1966). "Flag Is Down at Warner for Grand Prix: Drama of Auto Racers Stars Yves Montand". The New York Times. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  13. "Film Reviews: Grand Prix". Variety. December 28, 1966. 6.
  14. Scheuer, Philip K. (December 23, 1966). "'Grand Prix' in Driver's Seat". Los Angeles Times. Part IV, p. 5.
  15. Sullivan, Leo (May 25, 1967). "'Grand Prix' Is Exciting Spectacle". The Washington Post. K2.
  16. Gill, Brendan (December 31, 1966). "The Current Cinema". The New Yorker. 60.
  17. "Grand Prix". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 34 (399): 57. April 1967.
  18. Finler, Joel Waldo (2003). The Hollywood Story. Wallflower Press. pp. 358–359. ISBN 978-1-903364-66-6.
  19. Beaupre, Lee (May 15, 1968). "Rising Skepticism On Stars". Variety. p. 1.
  20. "The 39th Academy Awards (1967) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
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