Grand Prismatic Spring

The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world,[3] after Frying Pan Lake in New Zealand and Boiling Lake in Dominica. It is located in the Midway Geyser Basin.

Grand Prismatic Spring
Grand Prismatic Spring from an overlook
LocationMidway Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Teton County, Wyoming
Coordinates44.5250489°N 110.83819°W / 44.5250489; -110.83819[1]
Elevation7,270 feet (2,220 m)[2]
TypeHot spring
Discharge560 US gallons (2,100 L) per minute
Temperature160 °F (70 °C)
Depth160 feet (50 m)

Grand Prismatic Spring was noted by geologists working in the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, and named by them for its striking coloration. Its colors match most of those seen in the rainbow dispersion of white light by an optical prism: red, orange, yellow, green, and blue.[4]

Grand Prismatic Spring

History
Aerial view of spring

The first records of the spring are from early European explorers and surveyors. In 1839, a group of four trappers from the American Fur Company crossed the Midway Geyser Basin and made note of a "boiling lake", most likely the Grand Prismatic Spring,[5] with a diameter of 300 feet (90 m). In 1870 the Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition visited the spring, noting a 50-foot (15 m) geyser nearby (later named Excelsior).[6][7]

Color
Microbial mat

The bright, vivid colors in the spring are the result of microbial mats around the edges of the mineral-rich water. The mats produce colors ranging from green to red; the amount of color in the microbial mats depends on the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoids and on the temperature gradient in the runoff. In the summer, the mats tend to be orange and red, whereas in the winter the mats are usually dark green.[8] The center of the pool is sterile due to extreme heat.

The deep blue color of the water in the center of the pool results from the intrinsic blue color of water. The effect is strongest in the center of the spring, because of its sterility and depth.[9]

Physical structure

The spring is approximately 370 feet (110 m) in diameter and is 160 feet (50 m) deep. The spring discharges an estimated 560 US gallons (2,100 L) of 160 °F (70 °C) water per minute.[9][10]

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References
  1. "Grand Prismatic Spring". Yellowstone Geothermal Features Database. Montana State University.
  2. "Grand Prismatic Spring". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  3. "Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions—What's in Yellowstone's Future?". U.S. Geological Survey.
  4. Traci Bryan; Leslie Machen; Joyce Heinsz; Peggy McCracken. "Grand Prismatic Spring". Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
  5. ""The Fire Hole": Era of the American Fur Company, 1833-1840". Colter's Hell & Jackson's Hole. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2005-03-12.
  6. "Notes". Yellowstone National Park: Its Exploration and Establishment. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2006-02-08.
  7. "Part II: Definitive Knowledge - The Washburn Party (1870)". Yellowstone National Park: Its Exploration and Establishment. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2004-12-13.
  8. Thomas D. Brock. "Colorful Yellowstone". Life at High Temperatures. Archived from the original on 2005-11-25.
  9. Geiling, Natasha. "The Science Behind Yellowstone's Rainbow Hot Spring". Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  10. "Grand Prismatic Spring". Geyser Observation and Study Association.
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