Gonorynchiformes

Gonorynchiformes; Temporal range: Early Cretaceous - Recent
	Milkfish, Chanos chanos
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Superorder:	Ostariophysi
Order:	Gonorynchiformes; L. S. Berg, 1940
Families
	Chanidae (milkfish); Gonorynchidae (beaked salmons); Kneriidae (shellears); Phractolaemidae (hingemouths)

The Gonorynchiformes are an order of ray-finned fish that includes the important food source, the milkfish (Chanos chanos, family Chanidae), and a number of lesser-known types, both marine and freshwater.

The alternate spelling "Gonorhynchiformes", with an "h", is frequently seen but not official.

Gonorynchiformes have small mouths and no teeth. They are the sole group in the clade Anotophysi, a subgroup of the superorder Ostariophysi. They are characterized by a primitive Weberian apparatus formed by the first three vertebrae and one or more cephalic ribs within the head. This apparatus is believed to be a hearing organ, and is found in a more advanced and complex form in the related cypriniform fish, such as carp.[1] Also like the cypriniforms, the gonorynchiforms produce a substance from their skin when injured that dissolves into the water and acts an alarm signal to other fish.[2]

Taxonomy

Although many of the families are rather small, there are several fossil genera. This listing of the groups of Gonorynchiformes includes fossil fish with a short description.[1] They are listed in approximate order of how primitive their characteristics are.

Phylogeny of living Gonorynchiformes[3]

Gonorynchiformes

Gonorynchidae

Chanos

Phractolaeminae

Kneriinae

Cromeriini

	Cromeria

	Grasseichthys

Order †Sorbininardiformes Taverne 1999
- Family †Sorbininardidae Taverne 1999
  - Genus †Sorbininardus Taverne 1999
Order Gonorynchiformes Regan 1909[4]
- Suborder Gonorynchoidei - beaked sandfishes
  - Family †Apulichthyidae Taverne 1997
    - Genus †Apulichthys Taverne 1997
  - Family Gonorynchidae Fowler 1941
    - †Anormurus de Blainville 1818
    - †Chanopsis Casier 1961
    - †Charitopsis Gayet 1993 non Trjapitzin 1969
    - †Gonorynchidarum otolith
    - †Hakeliosomus Gayet 1993
    - †Protocatostomus Whitfield 1891
    - †Ramallichthys Gayet 1982
    - Subfamily †Charitosominae
      - †Charitosomus Hosius & Von Der Marck 1885 - Cretaceous
    - Subfamily †Judeichthyinae
      - †Judeichthys Gayet 1985
    - Subfamily Gonorynchinae
      - †Notogoneus Cope 1885 - from North America, Europe, Australia; some freshwater; Late Cretaceous to Oligocene
      - Gonorynchus Gronow 1763 ex Scopoli 1777
- Suborder Chanoidei Berg 1937
  - †Aethalinopsis Gaudant 1967 - Early Cretaceous.
  - Family Chanidae Günther 1868 (milkfishes)
    - Subfamily †Rubiesichthyinae Poyata-Ariza 1996
      - Genus †Gordichthys Poyata-Ariza 1994- Early Cretaceous Chanid
      - Genus †Nanaichthys Amaral & Brito 2012
      - Genus †Rubiesichthys Wenz 1984 - Early Cretaceous Chanid
    - Subfamily Chaninae
      - Genus Chanos Lacépède 1803
      - Genus †Dastilbe Jordan 1910 - Early Cretaceous Chanid
      - Genus †Parachanos Arambourg & Schneegans 1935 - Early Cretaceous Chanid
      - Genus †Tharrhias Jordan & Branner 1908 - Early Cretaceous Chanid
- Suborder Knerioidei
  - Family Kneriidae Günther 1868
    - Genus †Mahengichthys Davis, Arratia & Kaiser 2013
    - Subfamily Kneriinae (Shellears)
      - Tribe Cromeriini
        Genus Cromeria Boulenger 1901
        
        Genus Grasseichthys Géry 1964
      - Tribe Kneriini
        Genus Kneria Steindachner 1866
        
        Genus Parakneria Poll 1965
  - Family Phractolaemidae
    - Genus Phractolaemus Boulenger 1901 (Hingemouths/snake mudheads)

Timeline of genera

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References

Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
Banister, Keith F. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
Thomas J. Near, Alex Dornburga, Matt Friedman (2014): Phylogenetic relationships and timing of diversification in gonorynchiform fishes inferred using nuclear gene DNA sequences (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.07.013
Mikko Haaramo. "Gonorynchiformes". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 2013-10-26.

Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-05-17.

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[Nelson-1] Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.

[EoF-2] Banister, Keith F. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.

[Near,_Dornburga_&_Friedman-3] Thomas J. Near, Alex Dornburga, Matt Friedman (2014): Phylogenetic relationships and timing of diversification in gonorynchiform fishes inferred using nuclear gene DNA sequences (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.07.013

[4] Mikko Haaramo. "Gonorynchiformes". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 2013-10-26.