Gnesio-Lutherans

Gnesio-Lutherans (from Greek γνήσιος [gnesios]: genuine, authentic)[1] is a modern name for a theological party in the Lutheran churches,[2] in opposition to the Philippists[3] after the death of Martin Luther and before the Formula of Concord. In their own day they were called Flacians by their opponents and simply Lutherans by themselves. Later Flacian became to mean an adherent of Matthias Flacius' view of original sin, rejected by the Formula of Concord. In a broader meaning, the term Gnesio-Lutheran is associated mostly with the defence of the doctrine of Real Presence.

Controversies

After the death of Luther, many theological controversies arose among the Lutherans, mostly due to teaching of Philip Melanchthon. Gnesio-Lutherans were profiled by defending Martin Luther's doctrine, in the beginning led by Matthias Flacius. The Gnesio-Lutherans exercised strict doctrinal discipline, but they also opposed with equal determination what they considered to be the errors of their fellow-combatants like von Amsdorf (Amsdorfians), Flacius (Flacians), Andreas Poach, and others. The centres of Gnesio-Lutherans were Magdeburg and the University of Jena.

Gnesio-Lutherans were involved in:

1. the Adiaphoristic controversy,
2. the Majoristic controversy (Nicolaus von Amsdorf, Nicolaus Gallus),
3. the second Antinomian controversy (Andreas Poach, Anton Otto),
4. the Synergistic controversy (Matthias Flacius, Nicolaus Gallus),
5. the Osiandrian controversy, and
6. the Crypto-Calvinistic controversy.

Other Gnesio-Lutherans were Caspar Aquila, Joachim Westphal, Johann Wigand, Matthäus Judex, Joachim Mörlin, Tilemann Heshusius, Johann Timann, Simon Musaeus, Erasmus Sarcerius, and Aegidius Hunnius.

The Crypto-Calvinistic Controversy

Main article: Crypto-Calvinism

The Crypto-Calvinistic Controversy was the largest of the controversies of the second generation of the Lutheran Reformation. Since it was far more fundamental to the Lutheran Church, Lutherans outside of the Flacian party took the Gnesio-Lutheran position against Philippism and Crypto-Calvinism. In the middle between the Philippists and the Gnesio-Lutherans, the "Centrist party" included Johannes Brenz, Jakob Andreae, Martin Chemnitz, Nikolaus Selnecker, David Chytraeus, Andreas Musculus, and others. Unlike the Gnesio-Lutherans, the members of the "centre party" were opposed to any unnecessary controversies involving no doctrinal differences, and careful not to fall into any extreme position themselves. The Gnesio-Lutheran Joachim Westphal was first to write to defend the Real Presence against the Calvinists, and Melanchthon stigmatized his and other Gnesio-Lutherans' doctrine as "bread worship".[4]

References

Footnotes

1. Sproul 2016, p. 236.
2. Livingstone 2013.
3. Lueker, Poellot & Jackson 2000.
4. Bente 1965, p. 179.

Bibliography

Bente, F. (1965) [1921]. Historical Introductions to the Book of Concord. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Livingstone, E. A., ed. (2013). "Gnesio-Lutherans". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2015). doi:10.1093/acref/9780199659623.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-174430-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Lueker, Erwin L.; Poellot, Luther; Jackson, Paul, eds. (2000). "Gnesio-Lutherans". Christian Cyclopedia. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House. Retrieved 6 November 2017 – via Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Schaff, Philip (1910). History of the Christian Church. 8 (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Christian Classics Ethereal Library (published 2005). Retrieved 6 November 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Sproul, R.C. ed. (2016). The Legacy of Luther. Orlando, Florida: Reformation Trust.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)