Gilliesieae

Gilliesieae is a tribe of herbaceous geophyte plants belonging to the subfamily Allioideae of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae). Described in 1826, it contains fifteen genera and about eighty species. It has been variously treated as a subfamily or tribe. It is native to the Southern United States, Central and South America, predominantly Chile. Of the three tribes of genera that make up the subfamily Allioideae, Gilliesieae is the largest and most variable. The tribe was divided into two tribes in 2014, Gilliesiae s.s. and Leucocoryneae, based on differences in floral symmetry and septal nectaries.

Gilliesieae
Ipheion uniflorum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Allioideae
Tribe: Gilliesieae
Baker, J. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 14: 509, 1875
Type genus
Gilliesia
Lindl.
Genera

See text

Synonyms
  • Gillesiaceae Lindley
  • Gilliesioideae (Lindl.) Arn.,
Gilliesia graminea, by John Lindley 1826

Description

Gilliesieae are perennial herbaceous geophytes characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, tepals more or less fused and corona absent. Spathe formed from 1–2 bracts. Style more or less gynobasic. Ovary usually has two ovules per locule, side by side. There are 2–3 stamens. The commonest chromosome number is x=4. Gilliesiae is distinguished from Leucocoryneae by zygomorphic floral symmetry and the absence of septal nectaries. By contrast Leucocoryneae are zygomorphic and have septal nectaries.[1] [2]

Leucocorynae

Leucocoryneae are terrestrial perennial herbaceous plants. They have tunicate bulbs, which may be simple or prolific (with bulbils), rarely lateral rhizomes. The outer bulb scales (cataphyll) are papyraceous, colourless or violaceous (Zoellnerallium). They may or may not have a garlic like odour. The leaves are large, with membranous sheaths, usually forming an underground neck. The leaf lamina is flat, green, and glaucous, glabrous or papillose. The inflorescence may be pauciflor (Ipheion, Beauverdia, rarely Tristagma) or pluriflor (up to 30). The spathe is formed by a single bifid membranous bract (Ipheion) or from two papyraceous bracts partially fused at the base. The pedicels, which are not articulated at the receptacles, are papilose or glabrous. The flowers are hermaphroditic and actinomorphic, the perianth corolla like, with 6 (8 in Beauverdia) tepals fused at their base to form a floral tube arising around the ovary. There are 6 stamens (8 in Beauverdia), 3 fertile and 3 not (staminodes), rarely 6 (Leucocoryne), in two whorls of three (Tristagma, Ipheion) or one whorl. The filaments which are adnate (fused) to the tepals, uniting at their bases, the anthers dorsifixed (attached at their back) are oblong, yellow brown or green. The ovaries are superior and sessile with three (four in Beauverdia) carpels and locules (four in Beauverdia) and septal nectaries. The number of ovules is either 2, 4 or 30 per locule, arranged in two rows. The style is apical and persistent. The stigma has three (four in Beauverdia) lobes, or is trifid, and is papillose. The capsule, which is humifuse (Ipheion, Beauverdia) or aerocarpic, globose or prismatic, and contains many seeds (pluriseeded) which are irregular and polyhedral with a black tegmen. The embryo is linear or slightly curved.[3][4][2]

Taxonomy
Representative species
Leucocoryne ixioides
Nothoscordum bivalve
Tristagama patagonicum
Miersia chiliensis

History

Lindley described Gilliesia in 1826, after fellow botanist John Gillies, placing this genus and another Chilean genus Miersia which he described at the same time, in a new taxon, Gilliesieae.[5][6][7] These and related genera have been variously assigned to families Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Alliaceae and even Gilliesiaceae over their history, often as tribe Gilliesieae Lindl.[7][8] In 1985, Dahlgren's treatment of the Alliaceae (now Allioideae) within the monocotyledons, recognised three subfamilies. Gilliesioideae (Lindl.) Am., together with Agapanthoideae and Allioideae.[9] These corresponded to Hutchinson's (1959) three tribes within his expanded Amaryllidaceae (Agapantheae, Allieae, and Gilesieae).[10] The Gilliesioideae contained nine genera endemic to the southern part of South America, predominantly Chile.

Phylogenetic era (subfamily Gilliesioideae) 1996

In 1996, a molecular phylogenetic study of the rbcL gene showed Gilliesia and related genera clustering in a separate clade at subfamilial level.[8] The authors rejected the proposal of Traub (1982)[11] of a separate family, Gilliesiaceae (later resurrected by Ravenna[12]), but rather created the Gilliesioideae, as one of three subfamilies within Alliaceae, together with Allioideae and Tulbaghioideae. As phylogenetically constructed, Gilliesioideae (Gilliesioideae (Lindl.) Am., Botany: 134. 1832 - Gilliesieae Lindl. in Bot. Reg.: ad t. 992. 1826. - Type: Gilliesia Lindl.) consisted of those New World Alliaceae not included in the other two subfamilies, which included both the former Gilliesieae (Ancrumia, Erinna, Gethyum, Gilliesia, Miersia, Solaria and Trichlora) together with Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum, and Tristagma. Garaventia and Steinmannia were not included in the study, but considered to be part of this newly reconstructed subfamily, a total of 13 genera. [8] This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) accepted in the APG classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae sensu stricto (s.s.).[13] In the 2003 update (APGII) it was proposed to include Agapanthaceae and Amaryllidaceae under Alliaceae, while recognising an argument for renaming the overarching family from Alliaceae to Amaryllidaceae.[14]

This construction of Gilliesioideae, which represented nearly all the Alliaceae genera (i.e. except Allium and Tulbaghia), implicitly recognised that it was composed of two groups or tribes, informally referred to as Ipheieae and Gilliesieae. The Ipheieae were actinomorphic, and included Ipheion, Nothoscordum, Leucocoryne s.l. (including Pabellonia and Stemmatium). Gilliesieae were rare, mostly zygomorphic, mostly endemic to Chile and typified by Gilliesa. It contained about eight genera (Ancrumia, Gethyum, Gilliesia, Miersia, Schickendantziella, Solaria and Trichlora).[15] The genera of Gilliesioideae were thus morphologically and genetically diverse, which has made generic delimitation problematic and many species have at times been included in various different genera, and a number of genera have been shown to be polyphyletic. Consequently, the number of genera included tends to be variable[15][7]

A more detailed analysis using multiple markers (Fay et al. 2006) confirmed the monophyly of Gilliesioideae as a whole, as were the two tribes, although some genera such as Ipheion and Nothoscordum were biphyletic.[15] In general the Gilliesieae, with their unusual floral morphology, have genera that are closely related. For instance Ancrumia, Gethyum and Solaria have been treated as three, two or one (Solaria) genus by different authors.[16][1][15] (see Genera and notes)

APG III familial realignment (tribe Gilliesieae) 2009

In 2009, Chase et al. more formally brought together the three families, Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, under the single Asparagalean monophyletic family, now renamed Amaryllidaceae from Alliaceae, reversing the Dahlgrenian process of family splitting. This necessitated reducing the existing ranks of the component subfamilial taxa. [17] This formed the basis for the 2009 APG classification (APGIII).[18] Thus subfamily Gilliesioideae became tribe Gilliesieae (Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 509. 24 Apr 1875) within subfamily Allioideae of family Amaryllidaceae. Within the tribe they included thirteen genera including Leucocoryne s.l. (see Genera).

The full taxonomy of tribe Gilliesieae remains unresolved. Of the South America genera, a number have common features (tunicate bulbs, inflorescences with unarticulated pedicels, and one or two bracts subtending the inflorescence). These are Ipheion Raf., Leucocoryne Lindl., Nothoscordum Kunth, Tristagma Poepp., and Zoellnerallium Crosa. The position of Ipheion is particularly problematic.[4]

Division of Ipheion (resurrection of Beauverdia)

In 1972, Ipheion was divided into two sections, Hirtellum and Ipheion. However, the development of phylogenetic analysis revealed that Ipheion was not monophyletic, although the division into sections was later supported. Beauverdia Herter had been first described in 1943.[19] Originally it was created to distinguish those species with unifloral inflorescences from others with plurifloral inflorescences within Nothoscordum and other genera, no longer considered Amaryllidaceae. As proposed it had ten species but its independence was short lived, being returned to a synonym of Ipheion, and a number of species were transferred to other genera, including Nothoscordum and Tristagma.[4]

In 2014, Ipheion section Hirtellum was again raised to genus rank and restored to the tribe, being distinguished from other Ipheion species, under the older name of Beauverdia, with four species found in Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay.[4]

Division of Gilliesieae and resurrection of Leucocoryneae

In 2014 Sassone also proposed resurrecting an older taxon, Leucocorynae to include six genera, Beauverdia (4 species), Ipheion s.s. (3 species), Leucocoryne s.l. (15 species), Nothoscordum (c. 20 species), Tristagma (c. 20 species) and Zoellnerallium (2 species).[2] Leucocorynae had originally been described by Ravenna in 2001 as a tribe of Gilliesioideae, to include Leucocoryne together with Tulbaghia (now in separate tribe, Tulbaghieae) on morphological grounds, but it was not adopted. Instead, as described by Rudall et al. (2002)[16] and Fay et al. (2006)[15] there was a general recognition, as described above of two tribes, Ipheieae nom. nud. (4 genera) and Gilliesieae (7 genera) differing by actinomorphic floral symmetry and the presence of septal nectaries in the former.[16][2] Subsequently Zoellnerallium was added to the Ipheieae,[20][21] even though with the reduction of Gilliesioideae to the tribe Gilliesieae, the older divisions could no longer be recognised, at least as tribes (possibly subtribes).[22]

This now formally divides tribe Gilliesieae s.l. into two tribes, Gilliesieae s.s. (8 genera) and Leucocoryneae (6 genera). This new tribe corresponds to the older Ipheieae, together with the two more recent additions of Beauverdia and Zoellnerallium and includes about 65 species, although this could be closer to 130, according to Ravenna's proposals for Nothoscordum which would increase its species from 20 to about 60.[2][23]

The taxonomy of Gilliesieae s.s. remains difficult with limited sampling, because of the problem of obtaining material from these little-known plants. Hence the different treatment of a number of the genera by different authors.[15] (see Genera and notes)

Genera

Included genera

Included genera according to Chase et al., [17] as modified by Sassone et al. 2014. [4][2]

Tribe Leucocoryneae (Ipheieae group) (Ravenna) Sassone, S.C. Arroyo & Giussani[24]
Tribe Gilliesieae s.s.

Uncertain, doubtful or former genera

Three genera have been transferred to Allium.[25] Caloscordum Herb. (1844)., which is now more properly considered part of Allium,[15] Both Herbert (1844)[26] and Lindley (1847)[27] had originally considered it a distinct genus, while others considered it as part of Nothoscordum.(Li 1996)[28][15] Milula is embedded in Allium as a section.[15][29] Garaventia is considered part of Tristagma.[30] Muilla was included in the Allioideae by Dahlgren,[31] but in tribe Brodiaeeae. That tribe was subsequently raised to family status as Themidaceae.[8]

Species

There are about eighty species included in the tribe.[2]

Distribution

The Gilliesieae are endemic to the southern part of South America, predominantly Chile.[8] The Leucocoryneae are also a South American tribe with the exception of two species of Nothoscordum (N bivalve, N. gracile) which extend to southern North America, otherwise they are found in southern Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Chile.[2] (see map in Stevens 2013).[33]

Notes
  1. Ancrumia: Rahn (1998) considered Ancrunia to be part of Solaria (Kubitzki 1998, Rahn: Alliaceae. pp. 70–78) but both (Zöllner & Arriagada 1998) and (Rudall et al. 2002) considered them as separate genera. As of 2014, the World Checklist considers the single species of this genus to be a synonym of Solaria cuspidata, and does not accept Ancrumia as a separate genus (see discussion above). (WCSP 2015, WCSP Ancrumia)
  2. Erinna: Described by Philippi in 1864 as a monotypic genus, based on Erinna gilliesioides. (Philippi 1864, 1073. Erinna. p. 266) As such it was a genus within Alliaceae, and included in the phylogenetic construction of Gilliesieae in 1996.(Fay & Chase 1996) Although (Ravenna 2000) proposed transferring it to Leucocoryne on morphological grounds, (Sassone et al. 2014b) it was included separately by (Chase et al. 2009) and hence the 2009 APGIII. (APG 2009)(Sassone et al. 2014b) Although the World Checklist lists Erinna as a synonym of Leucocoryne, (WCSP 2015, Erinna Phil.) (Sassone et al. 2014b) still considered its status uncertain.
  3. Gethyum: Rahn (1998) considered Gethyum to be part of Solaria, (Kubitzki 1998, Rahn: Alliaceae. pp. 70–78) but both (Zöllner & Arriagada 1998) and (Rudall et al. 2002) considered them as separate genera and Gethyum was included in the 2009 construction of Gilliesiea, (Chase et al. 2009) as discussed above. However the World Checklist considers it part of Solaria. (WCSP 2015, Gethyium)(Fay & Hall 2007)
gollark: How long are *h*o*l*idays?
gollark: Unless the new one looks bad.
gollark: I basically only want shadow walkers and thenewone.
gollark: Xenowyrms > Omenwyrms
gollark: Holiday biome?

References
  1. Fay & Hall 2007.
  2. Sassone et al. 2014b.
  3. Sassone et al. 2013.
  4. Sassone et al. 2014a.
  5. Lindley 1826.
  6. Lindley 1846, CCXLVIII Gilliesieae. pp. 275-277.
  7. Rix et al. 2013.
  8. Fay & Chase 1996.
  9. Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985.
  10. Hutchinson 1959.
  11. Traub 1982.
  12. Ravenna 2000a.
  13. APG 1998.
  14. APG 2003.
  15. Fay, Rudall & Chase 2006.
  16. Rudall et al. 2002.
  17. Chase et al. 2009.
  18. APG 2009.
  19. Herter 1943.
  20. Crosa 1975.
  21. Crosa 2004.
  22. Escobar et al. 2012.
  23. The Plant List 2013, Nothoscordum.
  24. Ravenna 2001.
  25. Friesen, Fritsch & Blattner 2006.
  26. Herbert 1844.
  27. Lindley 1847.
  28. Li et al. 1996.
  29. WCSP 2015, Milula.
  30. WCSP 2015, Garaventia.
  31. Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985, Brodiaeeae p. 196 .
  32. Li et al. 2010.
  33. Stevens 2013.

Bibliography

General

  • Lindley, John (1846). The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system. London: Bradbury. Retrieved 26 January 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Philippi, RA (1864). "Plantarum novarum Chilensium, inclusis quibusdam Mendocinis et Patagonicis". Linnaea. 33: 1–308. Retrieved 21 January 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hutchinson, John (1959). The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols. Macmillan.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Dahlgren, R.M.; Clifford, H.T.; Yeo, P.F. (1985). The families of the monocotyledons. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-642-64903-5. Retrieved 10 February 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Available on Google Books
  • Kubitzki, K., ed. (1998). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8. Retrieved 14 January 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Stevens, P.F. (2013), "Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae", Angiosperm Phylogeny WebsiteCS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998). "An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants" (PDF). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85 (4): 531–553. doi:10.2307/2992015. JSTOR 2992015. S2CID 82134384.
  • The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (April 2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (4): 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.
  • Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
  • Chase, Mark W.; Reveal, James L.; Fay, Michael F. (October 2009). "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 132–136. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x.
  • Rina Kamenetsky; Hiroshi Okubo, eds. (2012). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8.
  • Howard, Thad M. (2001). Bulbs: From Warm Climates. Austin: University of Texas. ISBN 978-0292731264. Retrieved 23 January 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Amaryllidaceae (Gilliesieae)

Genera

  • Herter, WG (1943). "Beauverdia genus novum Liliacearum". Boissiera. 7: 505–512.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Herbert, W (1844). "64. Caloscordum". Edwards' Botanical Register. 30: 66–70. Retrieved 20 January 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Lindley, J (1847). "Caloscordum nerinefolium. Nerine-leaved Caloscord". Edwards' Botanical Register. 33: Plate 5. Retrieved 20 January 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Li, R. J.; Shang, Z. Y.; Cui, T. C.; J. M. Xu., J. M. (1996). "Studies on Karyotypes and Phylogenetic Relationship of Allium Sect. Caloscordum (Liliaceae) from China". Acta Phytotax. Sin. (in Chinese). 34 (3): Acta Phytotax. Sin.
  • Fay, Michael F.; Hall, Tony (May 2007). "589. Gethyum atropurpureum". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 24 (2): 121–126. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00573.x.
  • Rix, Martyn; Strange, Kit; Rudall, Paula J. (April 2013). "753. Gilliesia montana". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 30 (1): 28–35. doi:10.1111/curt.12014.
  • Sassone, Agostina B.; Giussani, Liliana M.; Guaglianone, Encarnación Rosa (30 April 2013). "Multivariate studies of Ipheion (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae) and related genera". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 299 (8): 1561–1575. doi:10.1007/s00606-013-0819-5.
  • Sassone, Agostina B.; Giussani, Liliana M.; Guaglianone, Encarnación R. (1 July 2014). "Beauverdia, a Resurrected Genus of Amaryllidaceae (Allioideae, Gilliesieae)". Systematic Botany. 39 (3): 767–775. doi:10.1600/036364414X681527.
  • Ravenna, P. F. (2000). "New or noteworthy Leucocoryne species (Alliaceae)". Onira. 4: 3–10.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Ravenna, P. F. (2001). "New or noteworthy Leucocoryne species (Alliaceae) III". Onira. 5: 42–43.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

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