Gestell

Gestell (or sometimes Ge-stell) is a German word used by twentieth-century German philosopher Martin Heidegger to describe what lies behind or beneath modern technology.[1] Heidegger introduced the term in 1954 in The Question Concerning Technology, a text based on the lecture "The Framework" ("Das Gestell") first presented on December 1, 1949, in Bremen.[2] It was derived from the root word stellen, which means "to put" or "to place" and combined with the German prefix Ge-, which denotes a form of "gathering" or "collection".[3] The term gathers together all kinds of entities and orders them in a certain way.[3]

Heidegger's notion of Gestell

Heidegger applied the concept of Gestell to his exposition of the essence of technology.[4] He concluded that technology is fundamentally Enframing (Gestell).[5] As such, the essence of technology is Gestell. Indeed, "Gestell, literally 'framing', is an all-encompassing view of technology, not as a means to an end, but rather a mode of human existence".[6] Heidegger further explained that in a more comprehensive sense, the concept is the final mode of the historical self-concealment of primordial φύσις.[4]

In defining the essence of technology as Gestell, Heidegger indicated that all that has come to presence in the world has been enframed. Such enframing pertains to the manner reality appears or unveils itself in the period of modern technology and people born into this "mode of ordering" are always embedded into the Gestell (enframing).[7] Thus what is revealed in the world, what has shown itself as itself (the truth of itself) required first an Enframing, literally a way to exist in the world, to be able to be seen and understood. Concerning the essence of technology and how we see things in our technological age, the world has been framed as the "standing-reserve." Heidegger writes,

Enframing means the gathering together of that setting-upon which sets upon man, i.e., challenges him forth, to reveal the real, in the mode of ordering, as standing-reserve. Enframing means that way of revealing which holds sway in the essence of modern technology and which is itself nothing technological.[8]

Furthermore, Heidegger uses the word in a way that is uncommon by giving Gestell an active role. In ordinary usage the word would signify simply a display apparatus of some sort, like a book rack, or picture frame; but for Heidegger, Gestell is literally a challenging forth, or performative "gathering together", for the purpose of revealing or presentation. If applied to science and modern technology, "standing reserve" is active in the case of a river once it generates electricity or the earth if revealed as a coal-mining district or the soil as a mineral deposit.[9]

For some scholars, Gestell effectively explains the violence of technology. This is attributed to Heidegger's explanation that, when Gestell holds sway, "it drives out every other possibility of revealing" and that it "conceals that revealing which, in the sense of poiesis, lets what presences come forth into appearance."[10]

Later uses of the concept

Giorgio Agamben drew heavily from Heidegger in his interpretation of Foucault's concept of dispositif (apparatus).[11] In his work, What is an Apparatus, he described apparatus as the "decisive technical term in the strategy of Foucault's thought".[12] Agamben maintained that Gestell is nothing more than what appears as oikonomia.[13] Agamben cited cinema as an apparatus of Gestell since films capture and record the gestures of human beings.[14]

Albert Borgmann expanded Heidegger's concept of Gestell by offering a more practical conceptualization of the essence of technology.[15] Heidegger's enframing became Borgmann's Device paradigm, which explains the intimate relationship between people, things, and technological devices.[16]

Claudio Ciborra developed another interpretation, which focused on the analyses of the Information System infrastructure using the concept of Gestell.[17] He based his improvement of the original meaning of "structural" with "processual" on the etymology of Gestell so that it indicates the pervasive process of arranging, regulating, and ordering of resources that involve both human and natural resources.[18] Ciborra has likened information infrastructure with Gestell and this association was used to philosophically ground many aspects of his works such as his description of its inherent self-feeding process.[18]

References

1. Mitcham, Carl (1994), Thinking Through Technology, University of Chicago Press, p. 52, ISBN 0-226-53198-8
2. Safranski, Rüdiger (1999). Martin Heidegger: Between Good and Evil. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 391. ISBN 9780674387102.
3. Wendland, Aaron; Merwin, Christopher; Hadjioannou, Christos (2018). Heidegger on Technology. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781138674615.
4. Loscerbo, John (2012). Being and Technology: A Study in the Philosophy of Martin Heidegger. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 109. ISBN 9789400982246.
5. Godzinski, Ronald (January 2005), "(En)Framing Heidegger's Philosophy of Technology", Essays in Philosophy, 6 (1): 115–122, doi:10.5840/eip20056120
6. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-01-10. Retrieved 2006-01-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
7. du Preez, Amanda (2009). Gendered Bodies and New Technologies: Rethinking Embodiment in a Cyber-era. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 9781443813235.
8. Martin Heidegger, The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays (New York: Harper, 1977), p. 20.
9. Boetzkes, Amanda (2016). Heidegger and the Work of Art History. Oxon: Routledge. p. 106. ISBN 9781409456131.
10. Young, Julian (2002). Heidegger's Later Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 0521809223.
11. Agamben, Giorgio (2009), What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-6230-4
12. Binkley, Sam; Capetillo, Jorge (2009). A Foucault for the 21st Century: Governmentality, Biopolitics and Discipline in the New Millennium. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 9781443804448.
13. Kotsko, Adam (2017-07-14). Agamben's Philosophical Lineage. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 9781474423632.
14. Gustafsson, Henrik; Gronstad, Asbjorn (2014-01-16). Cinema and Agamben: Ethics, Biopolitics and the Moving Image. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781623561253.
15. Jeffrey, White (2015). Rethinking Machine Ethics in the Age of Ubiquitous Technology. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. p. 132. ISBN 9781466685925.
16. Rasmussen, Larry (1993). Moral Fragments and Moral Community: A Proposal for Church in Society. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 78. ISBN 0800627571.
17. Ciborra, Claudio (2002), Labyrinths of Information, OUP, ISBN 0-19-927526-2
18. Rossignoli, Cecilia; Gatti, Mauro; Agrifoglio, Rocco (2015). Organizational Innovation and Change: Managing Information and Technology. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 92. ISBN 9783319229201.